Challenges and Prospects of Plant-Derived Oral Vaccines against Hepatitis B and C Viruses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms of Mucosal Immunity and Relevance for Fighting Systemic Viral Infections
3. Oral Vaccines Produced in Edible Plants, Advantages, Disadvantages and Lessons Learnt
4. Features of HBV and HCV Biology Relevant for Vaccine Development: Viral Antigens and Vaccine Candidates
4.1. HBV
4.2. HCV
5. Could Oral Vaccines Have a Future in Controlling HBV/HCV Infections?
5.1. Oral Vaccine Candidates against HBV
Plant System | HBV Antigen | Adjuvant | Immunization Protocol | Characteristics of the Immune Response | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lupin (Lupinus luteus) | HBsAg | None | Oral administration in mice of two doses at 1-month intervals | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 19 mIU/mL) | [82] |
Nicotiana benthamiana | HBcAg | None | Oral administration in mice of 2 doses via oral gavage at 2-week intervals followed by boost via intranasal administration at week 12 | IgG antibodies in serum and IgA antibodies in feces | [96] |
Potato | S-HBsAg | Cholera Toxin | Oral administration in mice of three doses (1 dose/week) | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 73 mIU/mL for primary response; maximum 1680 mIU/mL after boost injection with subimmunogenic yeast-derived rHBsAg) | [83] |
None | Oral administration of 2 (28-day interval) or 3 doses (14- day interval) in humans previously vaccinated with licensed HBV vaccine | IgG antibodies in the serum of 57.57% (19/33) of volunteers (maximum 4785 mIU/mL) | [97] | ||
Cholera Toxin | Oral administration in mice of 3 doses (1 dose/week) followed by intraperitoneal boost with subimmunogenic dose of yeast-derived rHBsAg after 5 weeks | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 700 mIU/mL) | [84] | ||
Cholera Toxin | Oral administration in mice of 3 doses (1 dose/week) | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 103 mIU/mL for primary response; maximum 3300 mIU/mL after boost injection with subimmunogenic yeast-derived rHBsAg) | [87] | ||
None | Oral administration in mice of 3 doses (1 dose/week) followed by intraperitoneal boost with subimmunogenic dose of yeast-derived rHBsAg after 8 weeks | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 179 mIU/mL for primary response; maximum 350 mIU/mL after boost injection with subimmunogenic yeast-derived rHBsAg) | [86] | ||
M-HBsAg | Cholera Toxin | Oral administration in mice of 3 doses (1 dose/week) followed by intraperitoneal boost with subimmunogenic dose of yeast-derived rHBsAg after 5 weeks | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 700 mIU/mL), | [84] | |
Cholera Toxin | Oral administration in mice of 3 doses (1 dose/week) followed by intraperitoneal boost with subimmunogenic dose of yeast-derived rHBsAg after 8 weeks and E. coli-derived recombinant preS region after 32 weeks | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 558 mIU/mL at week 21) and IgA antibodies in feces | [85] | ||
Tomato | S-HBsAg | None | Oral administration in mice every day for 4 weeks followed by intraperitoneal boost with subimmunogenic dose of yeast-derived rHBsAg | No IgG antibodies in serum | [88] |
Oral administration in mice as a boost at 3–5 weeks after intraperitoneal boost with subimmunogenic dose of yeast-derived rHBsAg | IgG antibodies in serum increase after oral boost | ||||
M-HBsAg | None | Oral administration in mice of 2 doses at 2-week intervals. | IgG antibodies in serum (<200 mIU/mL) and IgA antibodies in feces | [95,98] | |
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) | S-HBsAg | None | Oral administration in humans of 2 doses at 2-month intervals | IgG antibodies in serum >10 mIU/mL in 2/5 volunteers | [82] |
None | Oral administration in humans of 3 doses, the second at 1 week post-immunization and the third at 4 weeks post-secondary immunization | Maximum IgG antibodies in serum of 6.3 mIU/mL | [92] | ||
None | Oral administration in mice 30 or 60 days | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 38 mIU/mL) and IgA antibodies in feces | [93] | ||
None | Oral administration in mice of PBS-suspended lyophilized tissue at 42 days after priming with subimmunogenic dose of commercial vaccine | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 193 mIU/mL) | [30] | ||
None | Oral administration in mice of 2 doses at 4-week intervals | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum >3 mIU/mL) | [94] | ||
None or Cholera toxin B-subunit or saponins from quillaja bark or 10% v/v alhydrogel | Oral administration in mice of 2 doses at 6-week intervals after priming with subimmunogenic dose of commercial vaccine | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum >500 mIU/mL for lyophilizate and >800 mIU/mL for tissue extract) | |||
S/preS121-47-HBsAg | None | Oral administration in mice of 4 doses, 3 at 1-week intervals and the final on day 68 | IgG antibodies in serum that were able to neutralize HBV infection in in vitro infection models | [33] | |
Maize | S-HBsAg | None or LT(R192G/L211A) | Oral administration in mice of 3 doses (0.83 mg/day for 3 consecutive days) at 2-week intervals at 13 weeks post-priming with subimmunogenic dose of commercial vaccine | IgG antibodies in serum (3003 mIU/mL without adjuvant or 4632 mIU/mL with adjuvant) and IgA antibodies in feces | [90] |
None | Oral administration in mice of 2 booster doses at day 112 and 126 post-priming with subimmunogenic dose of commercial vaccine | IgG antibodies in serum and IgA antibodies in feces | [31] | ||
None | Oral administration in mice of 4 booster doses at 13-, 15-, 47-, and 50-weeks post-priming with subimmunogenic dose of commercial vaccine | IgG antibodies in serum (maximum 12,755 mIU/mL) and IgA antibodies in feces | [91] |
5.2. Oral Vaccine Candidates against HCV
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pantazica, A.-M.M.; Cucos, L.-M.; Stavaru, C.; Clarke, J.-L.; Branza-Nichita, N. Challenges and Prospects of Plant-Derived Oral Vaccines against Hepatitis B and C Viruses. Plants 2021, 10, 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102037
Pantazica A-MM, Cucos L-M, Stavaru C, Clarke J-L, Branza-Nichita N. Challenges and Prospects of Plant-Derived Oral Vaccines against Hepatitis B and C Viruses. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102037
Chicago/Turabian StylePantazica, Ana-Maria Madalina, Lia-Maria Cucos, Crina Stavaru, Jihong-Liu Clarke, and Norica Branza-Nichita. 2021. "Challenges and Prospects of Plant-Derived Oral Vaccines against Hepatitis B and C Viruses" Plants 10, no. 10: 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102037
APA StylePantazica, A.-M. M., Cucos, L.-M., Stavaru, C., Clarke, J.-L., & Branza-Nichita, N. (2021). Challenges and Prospects of Plant-Derived Oral Vaccines against Hepatitis B and C Viruses. Plants, 10(10), 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102037