The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Taxonomy and Botany
4. Diversity
5. Traditional Uses
6. Phytochemical Studies
6.1. Diterpenes
6.2. Flavonoids and Phenolic Glycosides
6.3. Iridoids and Their Glycosides
6.4. Essential Oils
6.5. Triterpenes
6.6. Steroids
6.7. Alkaloids
6.8. Lignans
6.9. Aliphatic Alkanes and Alcohols
6.10. Lipids
6.11. Miscellaneous Compounds
7. Biological Activities
7.1. Hemostatic Effect
7.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
7.3. Antibacterial Activity
7.4. Antioxidant Activity
7.5. Anti-Allergic Activity
7.6. Cytotoxic Activity
7.7. Enzyme Inhibition
7.8. Acute Toxicity
7.9. Other Activities
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Distribution | Region | Species | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | western Himalaya | L. cabulicus Benth., L. cuneatus Benth., L. hindukushi Kamelin and Gubanov, L. schugnanicus Knorring | https://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |
China | northwestern China, Xinjiang region (Ili Valley, the Karakoram and Altai Mountains) | L. ilicifolius Bunge ex Benth., L. grandiflorus C. Y. Wu and Hsuan, L. platyacanthus Rupr., L. kaschgaricus Ruprecht, L. diacanthophyllus (Pall.) Benth, L. hirtus Fisch. and C.A. Mey., L. bungei Benth., L. macrodontus Knorring, L. kaschgaricus Rupr., L. lanatonodus C.Y. Wu and S.J. Hsuan, L. leiacanthus Fisch. and C.A. Mey., L. pungens Schrenk, L. xianjiangensis G.J. Liu | [3,10,17] https://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |
Iran | L. alutaceus Bunge., L. cabulicus Benth., L. macranthus Fisch and C.A. Mey., L. quadridentatus Jamzad, L. lasiocalyx (Stapf) Jamzad, L. aucheri Boiss. | [4,18,19] | |
Kazakhstan | Karatau, Karzhantau, Aksu-Zhabagly | L. acutilobus (Ledeb.) Fisch. and C.A. Mey., L. bungei Benth., L. longidentatus Knorr., L. pulcher Knorr., L. taucumensis Zucker., L. inebrians Bunge, L. androsswii Knorr., L. leiacanthus Fisch. et Mey, L. pungens Schrenk, L. hirtus Fisch. et Mey, L. diacanthophillus Benth., L. kaschgaricus Rupr., L. knorringianus Pavlov, L. occultiflorus Rupr., L. platyacanthus Rupr., L. platycalyx Schrenk ex Fisch. and C.A. Mey, L. seravschanicus Knorring, L. setulosus Vved., L. subhispidus Knorring | [16] https://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |
Kyrgyzstan | Tian-Shan and Pamir Alai Mountains | L. diacanthophyllus (Pall.) Benth, L. drobovii Kamelin and Tzukerv., L. hirsutissimus Vved, L. kaschgaricus Rupr., L. knorringianus Pavlov, L. occultiflorus Rupr., L. paulsenii Briq., L. platyacanthus Rupr., L. platycalyx Schrenk ex Fisch. and C.A. Mey, L. pubescens Vved., L. pulcher Knorring, L. schugnanicus Knorring, L. turkestanicus Knorring | https://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |
Mongolia | Mongolian Altai and Khangai Mountains, Gobi regions | L. bungei Benth., L. diacanthophyllus, L. ilicifolius Bge | [20,21] |
Pakistan | Western Pakistan | L. cabulicus Benth., L. cuneatus Benth., L. schugnanicus Knorring | https://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |
Tajikistan | Pamir-Alay Mountains | L. botschantzevii Kamelin and Tzukerv., L. gypsaceus Vved., L. hirsutissimus Vved, L. inebrians Bunge, L. knorringianus Pavlov, L. kschtutensis Knorring, L. nevskii Knorring, L. paulsenii Briq., L. platyacanthus Rupr, L. platycalyx Schrenk ex Fisch. and C.A. Mey, L. pubescens Vved, L. schugnanicus Knorring, L. seravschanicus Knorring, L. turkestanicus Knorring | https://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |
Turkmenistan | L. balchanicus Czerniak., L. gypsaceus Vved., L. inebrians Bunge, L. cabulicus Benth. | https://wcsp.science.kew.org/ | |
Uzbekistan | Nuratau and Kyzylkum deserts, Tian-Shan and Pamir-Alay Mountains | L. acutilobus (Ledeb.) Fisch. et C. A. Mey., L. botschantzevii Kamelin et Zukerv., L. diacanthophyllus (Pall.) Benth., L. gypsaceus Vved., L. hirsutissimus Vved., L. inebrians Bunge, L. knorringianus Pavlov, L. kschtutensis Knorr., L. nevskii Knorr., L. occultiflorus Rupr., L. olgae R. Kamelin, L. paulsenii Briq., L. pubescens Vved., L. platyacanthus Rupr., L. setulosus Vved., L. platycalyx Schrenk, L. seravschanicus Knorr., L. vvedenskyi R. Kam. et Zucker. | [13,15] |
Species | Country | Parts Used | Traditional Uses | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
L. cabulicus | Iran | aerial parts | for animals with lung trouble | [23,24] |
L. gypsaceus | Uzbekistan | aerial parts | hemostatic, sedative effect, decrease in blood pressure, hemorrhage (traumatic, uterine, hemorrhoidal, pulmonary, lung, and nasal), hemophilia | [9,25] |
L. hirtus | Xinjiang, China | whole plant | styptic, antihemorrhagic, coronary heart diseases, angina pectoris, ulcer, insomnia, amnesia | [10,26] |
L. ilicifolius | Ningxia, China | whole plant | hemostatic, inflammation, ulcer, hemostasis, spasm, anti-edema, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, insomnia, dementia | [5,6,7] |
L. inebrians | Uzbekistan | leaves, stems, fruits, inflorescences | antihemorrhagic, allergic dermatosis, skin illnesses, stomach pain, tranquillizer, intoxicating effect, sedative | [5,8,9] |
L. lanatonodus | Xinjiang, China | aerial parts | antihemorrhagic, against allergic dermatosis | [6,7,27] |
L. leiacanthus | Xinjiang, China | whole plant | hemostatic, inflammation, ulcer | [28] |
L. platycalyx | Uzbekistan | leaves | sedative and hypotensive action | [29] |
L. platyacanthus | Xinjiang, China | whole plant | antihemorrhagic, coronary heart diseases, angina pectoris, ulcer, insomnia, and amnesia | [10,26] |
Species | Compounds | References |
---|---|---|
L. aucheri | germacrene D (107), α-pinene (108), β-bourbonene (109) | [18] |
L. cabulicus | tricetin 3’-methylether (39), quercetin (40), quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6) β-D-glucopyranoside (41), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (42), α-pinene (108), β-springene (110), geranyllinalool (111), sitosteryl acetate (122), stigmasteryl acetate (124), lupeol (126) | [24,36] |
L. gypsaceus | lagochilin (1), lagochirsine (16), 7- cinnamoyllamalbide (106), 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone (48), daucosterol (125), β-sitosterol (121), 8-acetylharpagide (99) | [37,38,39,40] |
L. hirsutissimus | lagochilin (1), lagohirzidin (19), di-O-acetyllagohirsin (18) [33], lagochirzin, mono- and diacetyllagochirsins (16–18) [37,39], stachydrine (127), tannins (2.0–3.3%), coumarins (0.3–2.5%), lipids (4.25–8.30%) [41], diterpenoid lactone | [41,42,43] |
L. ilicifolius | quercetin (40), rutin (43), myricetin (44), isoquercitrin (45), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (46), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6″-O-p-coumaryl) glycoside (47), (+)-syringaresinol (138), scopoletin (150), 8-O-acetylharpagide (99), harpagide (100), ajugoside (101), ajujol (102), geniposidic acid (103), mussaenosidic acid (104) and 8-deoxyshanzhiside (105), phytol (142), 12-hentriacontanol (143), octacosanol (144), citrusin C (94), 4-(1E)-hydroxy-1-prophenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (95), 4-acetoxycinnamic acid (96), 3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (128), 4-hydroxyisoquinoline (129), songoramine (130), songorine (131), erythro-1-[(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-methoxyl)- phenyl]-2-[(5’-methoxyl)-pinoresinol]-propane-1,3-diol (132), tortoside C (133), sisymbrifolin (134) | [5,6,7,21] |
L. inebrians | lagochilin (1), lagochilin and its mono-, di-, tetraacetates (1–15), vulgarol and its acetate (37–38), 5-hydroxy-4’,7-dimethoxyflavone (48), β-sitosterol (121), nonacosane (139), hentriacontane (140), tritriacontane (141), 8-O-acetylharpagide (99), harpagide (100), stachydrine (127) | [32,37,40,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55] |
L. kotschyanus | α-pinene (108), myrcene (115), β-caryophyllene (116) | [19] |
L. lanatonodus | acetovanillone (72), androsin (97), neolloydosin (98), erythrodiol (118), β-sitosterol (121), dacosyl ester (145), scopoletin (150) | [27] |
L. leiacanthus | 15-demethoxyscupolin I (35), scupolin I (36), 5,2’,6’-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone (49), 5,2’,6’-trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavanone (50), 5,2’,6’-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone-2’-O-β-D-glucoside (51), 5,2’-dihydroxy-7,8,6’-trimethoxyflavanone (53), 5,2’-dihydroxy-6,7,8,6’-tetramethoxyflavanone (54), pinocembrin (55), oroxylin A (56), chrysin (57), 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (58), isoscutellarein-8-methyl ester (59), apigenin (60), hispidulin (61), 5,2’-dihydroxy- 6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone (62), skullcapflavone I (63), 5,8- dihydroxy-7,2’-dimethoxyflavone (64), 5,2’,6’-trihydroxy- 6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone (65), 5,7,2’-trihydroxy-8,6’-dimethoxyflavone (66), 5,6,2’-trihydroxy-7,8,6’-trimethoxyflavone (67), neobaicalein (68), rivularin (69), oleanolic acid (118), ursolic acid (119), vanillin (70), p-hydroxyacetophenone (71), acetovanillone (72), dihydroxyskullcapflavanone I (73), wogonin (74), liquiritin (75), viscidulin II 2’-O-glucoside (76), 5,2’,6’-trihydroxy-6,7,8- trimethoxyflavone 2’-O-glucoside (77) | [28] |
L. macranthus | caryophyllene oxide (112), humulene epoxide II (113), viridiflorol (114) | [56] |
L. occultiflorus | laballenic (146), octadeca -5,8-dienoic (147), eicos -11-enoic (148) and eicosa-9,11-dienoic acids (149) | [57] |
L. olgae | lagochirsine (16) | [37] |
L. platyacanthus | lagoditerpenes A-E (20–24), (13E)-labd-l3-ene-8α,15-diol (25), leojaponins B (26), leoheteronin D (27), enantioagathic acid (28), isocupressic acid (29), 7β,13 S-dihydroxylabda-8 (17),14-dien-19-oic acid (30), 8α,13(R),14(S/R),15-tetrahydroxylabdane (31), 15-nor-14-oxolabda-8(17),12E-diene-18-oic acid (32), 12β,19-dihydroxymanoyl oxide (33), ent-12α,19-dihydroxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide (34) (Zhang et al. 2015), rutin (43), apigenin (60), apigenin-7,4’-dimethylether (78), acacetin (79), luteolin-7,3’,4’-trimethyl ether (80), luteolin-7,4’-dimethyl ether (81), diosmetin (82), chrysoeriol (83), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside (84), horridin (85), apigenin-6,8-di-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (86), isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (87), isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside (88), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (89), isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside-4’-O-glucoside (90), lavandulifolioside (91), 8-O-acetylharpagide (99), geniposidic acid (103), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)-phenyl-2-[4-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-2-methoxy]-phenoxy- 1,3-propandiol (135), (+)-isolarisiresinol 3-α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (136), (-)-isolarisiresinol 3-α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (137) | [58] |
L. platycalyx | quercetin (40), rutin (43), myricetin (44), kaemferol (92), 8-O-acetylharpagide (99), harpagide (100), stachydrine (127) | [29,42,52,53,59] |
L. proskorjacovii | lagochilin (1), tetraacetyllagochilin (10), 5-hydroxy-4’,7-dimethoxyflavone (48), 5,7-dihydroxy-3,4’-dimethoxyflavone (93), β-sitosterol (121), nonacosane (139) | [12,60,61] |
L. pubescens | 15-mono-O-acetyllagochilin (3), 16-mono-O-acetyllagochilin (4), 3,18-di-O-acetyllagochilin (5), 15,16-di-O-acetyllagochilin (6), 3,15,18-tri-O-acetyllagochilin (7), 3,16,18-tri-O-acetyllagochilin (8), 15,16,18-tri-O-acetyllagochilin (9), tetraacetyllagochilin (10), 3,18-O-isopropylidenelagochilin-15-acetate (12), 3,18-O-isopropylidenelagochilin-15,16-diacetate (14), lagochilin (1), di-O-isopropylidenelagochilins (5–6), 3,18-O-isopropylidenelagochilin (11), 16-O-acetyl-3,18-O-isopropylidenelagochilin (13), di-O-acetyl-3,18-O-isopropylidenelagochilin (15), lagochilin (1), 3,18-O-isopropylidenelagochilin (11), 5-hydroxy-4’,7-dimethoxyflavone (48), β-sitosterol (121), nonacosane (139), stachydrine (127) | [30,31,53,60,62] |
L. setulosus | lagochilin (1), 8-O-acetylharpagide (99), harpagide (100), lagochirsine (16), stachydrine (127), ascorbic acid (151), β-carotene (152) | [37,39,52,53,54,63] |
L. usunachmaticus | carbohydrates, polysaccharides, pectin, hemicellulose | [64,65] |
L. zeravschanicus | polysaccharides, pectins, hemicelluloses | [35,64] |
Identified Compounds | Sources | Reference |
---|---|---|
Lagochilin (1) | L. gypsaceus, L. inebrians, L. setulosus, L. pubescens, L. proskorjacovii, L. hirsutissimus | [12,30,32,37,38,41,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,61,63] |
3-Mono-O-acetyllagochilin (2) | L. inebrians | [12,30,32,37,38,41,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,61,62,63] |
15-Mono-O-acetyllagochilin (3) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60] |
16-Mono-O-acetyllagochilin (4) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60] |
3,18-di-O-Acetyllagochilin (5) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [31,32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,62] |
15,16-di-O-Acetyllagochilin (6) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [31,32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,62] |
3,15,18-tri-O-Acetyllagochilin (7) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60] |
3,16,18-tri-O-Acetyllagochilin (8) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60] |
15,16,18-tri-O-Acetyllagochilin (9) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60] |
tetra-Acetyllagochilin (10) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [12,32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,61] |
3,18-O-Isopropylidene-lagochilin (11) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens, L. proskorjacovii | [30,31,32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,62] |
3,18-O-Isopropylidene-lagochilin-15-acetate (12) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [30,31,32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,62] |
16-O-Acetyl-3,18-O-isopropylidene-lagochilin (13) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [30,31,32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,62] |
3,18-O-Isopropylidene-lagochilin-15,16-diacetate (14) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [30,31,32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,62] |
di-O-Acetyl-3,18-O-isopropylidene-lagochilin (15) | L. inebrians, L. pubescens | [30,31,32,44,45,46,47,48,49,60,62] |
Lagochirsine (16) | L. hirsutissimus, L. setulosus, L. gypsaceus, L. olgae | [37,39] |
O-Acetyl-lagohirsin (17) | L. hirsutissimus | [37,39] |
di-O-Acetyl-lagohirsin (18) | L. hirsutissimus | [33,37,39] |
Lagohirzidin (19) | L. hirsutissimus | [33] |
Lagoditerpenes A (20) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
Lagoditerpenes B (21) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
Lagoditerpenes C (22) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
Lagoditerpenes D (23) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
Lagoditerpenes E (24) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
(13E)-Labd-l3-ene-8α,15-diol (25) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
Leojaponins B (26) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
Leoheteronin D (27) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
Enantioagathic acid (28) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
Isocupressic acid (29) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
7β,13 S-Dihydroxylabda-8 (17),14-dien-19-oic acid (30) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
8α,13(R),14(S/R),15-Tetrahydroxylabdane (31) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
15-Nor-14-oxolabda-8(17),12E-diene-18-oic acid (32) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
12β,19-Dihydroxymanoyl oxide (33) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
ent-12α,19-Dihydroxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide (34) | L. platyacanthus | [26] |
15-Demethoxyscupolin I (35) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Scupolin I (36) | L. leiacanthus | [26] |
Vulgarol (37) | L. inebrians | [44,45,47] |
Vulgarol acetate (38) | L. inebrians | [44,45,47] |
Identified compounds | Sources | Reference |
---|---|---|
Tricetin 3’-methylether (39) | L. cabulicus | [23,36] |
Quercetin (40) | L. cabulicus, L. ilicifolius, L. platycalyx | [7,23,29,36,59] |
Quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (41) | L. cabulicus | [23,36] |
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (42) | L. cabulicus | [23,36] |
Rutin (43) | L. ilicifolius, L. platyacanthus, L. platycalyx | [7,29,58,59] |
Myricetin (44) | L. ilicifolius, L. platycalyx | [7,29,59] |
Isoquercitrin (45) | L. ilicifolius | [7] |
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (46) | L. ilicifolius | [7] |
Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6″-O-p-coumaryl) glycoside (47) | L. ilicifolius | [7] |
5-Hydroxy-4’,7-dimethoxyflavone (48) | L. gypsaceus L. inebrians L. proskorjacovii, L. pubescens | [12,30,50,51,60,61] |
5,2’,6’-Trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone (49) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,2’,6’-Trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavanone (50) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,2’,6’-Trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone-2’-O-β-D-glucoside (51) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,2’,6’-Trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavanone-2’-O-β-D-glucoside (52) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,2’-Dihydroxy-7,8,6’-trimethoxyflavanone (53) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,2’-Dihydroxy-6,7,8,6’-tetramethoxyflavanone (54) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Pinocembrin (55) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Oroxylin A (56) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Chrysin (57) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,6-Dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (58) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Isoscutellarein-8-methyl ester (59) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Apigenin (60) | L. leiacanthus, L. platyacanthus | [28,58] |
Hispidulin (61) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,2’-Dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone (62) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Skullcapflavone I (63) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,8- Dihydroxy-7,2’-dimethoxyflavone (64) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,2’,6’-Trihydroxy- 6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone (65) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,7,2’-Trihydroxy-8,6’-dimethoxyflavone (66) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,6,2’-Trihydroxy-7,8,6’-trimethoxyflavone (67) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Neobaicalein (68) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Rivularin (69) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Vanillin (70) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
p-Hydroxyacetophenone (71) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Acetovanillone (72) | L. leiacanthus, L. lanatonodus | [27,28] |
Dihydroxyskullcapflavanone I (73) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Wogonin (74) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Liquiritin (75) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Viscidulin II 2’-O-glucoside (76) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
5,2’,6’-Trihydroxy-6,7,8- trimethoxyflavone 2’-O-glucoside (77) | L. leiacanthus | [28] |
Apigenin-7,4’-dimethylether (78) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Acacetin (79) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Luteolin-7,3’,4’-trimethyl ether (80) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Luteolin-7,4’-dimethyl ether (81) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Diosmetin (82) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Chrysoeriol (83) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside (84) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Horridin (85) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Apigenin-6,8-di-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (86) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (87) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside (88) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (89) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside-4’-O-glucoside (90) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Lavandulifolioside (91) | L. platyacanthus | [58] |
Kaemferol (92) | L. platycalyx | [29,59] |
5,7-Dihydroxy-3,4’-dimethoxyflavone (93) | L. pubescens | [12,30,60,61] |
Citrusin C (94) | L. ilicifolius | [5,21] |
4-(1E)-Hydroxy-1-prophenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (95) | L. ilicifolius | [5,21] |
4-Acetoxycinnamic acid (96) | L. ilicifolius | [5,21] |
Androsin (97) | L. lanatonodus | [27] |
Neolloydosin (98) | L. lanatonodus | [27] |
Species | Tested Sample | Test Type | Main Finding | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lagochilus species | Lagochilus preparations | in vivo | increased the coagulation ability of the blood both by activating plasma and cellular blood coagulation factors and by depressing the anticoagulant system, and also have a suppressive effect on plasma fibrinolytic activity; accelerating the blood coagulation process, reducing vascular permeability, lowering blood pressure, sedative and analgesic effects | [25,74,75,76,77] |
Lagochilus species | lagochiline acetic acid ester | in vivo | showed sedative properties; LD50 for mice was 3.6 g/kg. Injected subcutaneously into rabbits in doses of 0.05 g/kg, it hastened the process of blood coagulation by 30–40%; it affected a reduction in the bleeding time and the volume of blood lost | [78] |
Lagochilus species | Lagochilus infusion and pure lagochilin (1) | in vivo | in doses of 0.05 g/kg in dogs shortened the blood-clotting and prothrombin times by 40–60%; the effects were even more pronounced in dicoumarol hemophilia. | [79] |
L. inebrians | Lagoden drug (5% solution of lagohirisine sodium salt) has been developed and approved for public use | in vivo | Lagoden is prescribed for the treatment and prevention of acute and chronic bleeding (gastrointestinal, hemorrhoidal, pulmonary, uterine, etc.), parenchymal hemorrhage (renal, splenic, brain), capillary, and other bleeding, for surgical interventions in otolaryngology practice (for tonsillary tumors, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma), microsurgery on the ear, etc., in dentistry for removing teeth, cysts, granulomas, during surgery of the gastrointestinal tract, prostate adenomectomy, gynecological operations on the uterus, including bleeding associated with a violation of the blood coagulation system | Pharmacological Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan (registration Certificate N 01/195/1 of 08.05.2001) |
L. inebrians | Inebrin drug (extractive substances) | in vivo | recommended in the form of tablets for the treatment of chronic uterine, nasal, gastrointestinal, and other bleeding | [80,81,82] |
L. inebrians | compound 1 and 16 and their natural and synthetic derivatives (with cellulose acetate, mono-, di-, tri- and tetrasodium succinates, supramolecular complexes of lagochilin with glycyrrhizic acid and its monoammonium salt, etc.) | in vivo | hemostatic activity | [11,39,71,82,83] |
L. usunachmaticus | polysaccharides and carbohydrates isolated from the epigeal part of the plant | in vivo | possessed a marked direct-action activity and exceeded heparin during affection | [35,64,65] |
L. setulosus | Setulin (obtained from a dry extract of the plant) | in vivo | Setulin hemostatic drug excipient in rabbits in a dose of 50 mg/kg causes the expressed hemostatic effect associated with the activation of thromboplastin formation and transformation of prothrombin into thrombin owing to the acceleration of contact and phospholipid coagulation starting mechanisms (I and II phases of blood coagulation). At 60–90 min after introduction, Setulin completely removes the hypocoagulative effect of heparin | [84] |
L. diacanthophyllus | H2O and 95% EtOH extracts | in vivo | EtOH extract significantly shorten the clotting time of mice, bleeding time, show some hemostatic activity | [85] |
L. platyacanthus | lagoditerpenes 20, 21 and 24 | in vivo | lagoditerpenes 20, 21, and 24 showed that moderate hemostatic activities by shortening the values of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). These compounds were able to shorten the values of APTT, while the values of prothrombin time and thromboplastin time were not obviously shorted | [58] |
L. lanatonodus, L. diacanthophyllus, L. platyacanthus L. hirtus, L. ilicifolius | H2O and EtOH extracts | in vivo | L. lanatonodus and L. diacanthophyllus showed better hemostatic activities among five species. The extracts of L. lanatonodus and L. diacanthophyllus showed dose-dependent hemostatic effects. Both H2O and EtOH extracts of L. lanatonodus at 400 mg/kg in rats greatly reduced the blood clotting time and tail bleeding time | [10] |
Species | Tested Sample | Test Performed | Main Finding | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
L. inebrians | 5% infusion of leaves | in vivo | from 10 guinea pigs, 8 were less sensitive to L. inebrians | [86] |
L. inebrians | tincture of aerial parts | in vivo | most active inhibitor of edema in frog legs among the tested samples | [87] |
L. diacanthophyllus | H2O extract or 95% EtOH extract | in vivo | extracts can suppress xylene-induced ear edema in mice, showed some anti-inflammatory activity in vivo | [85] |
L. diacanthophyllus | H2O extract or 95% EtOH extract | in vitro | EtOH extract significantly inhibit macrophage release of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, showed strong in vitro anti-inflammatory activity | [85] |
five Lagochilus species (L. hirtus, L. platyacanthus, L. lanatonodus, L. diacanthophyllus, and L. ilicifolius) | H2O and EtOH extracts | in vivo | the extracts of L. lanatonodus and L. diacanthophyllus showed strong inhibitory effects on the acute phase of inflammation in both xylene-induced ear edema mouse model and carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model. Aqueous extract of L. lanatonodus showed the best anti-inflammatory activities among the five Lagochilus species. L. lanatonodus extracts can significantly modulate inflammatory indexes, that is, lower NO, MDA, and PEG2 and elevate SOD. L. platyacanthus, L. hirtus, and L. ilicifolius, exhibited little potency in alleviating edema | [10] |
Species | Tested sample | Microorganism | Main finding | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
L. ilicifolius | EtOH, petroleum ether, CHCl3, EtOAc, n-BuOH extracts, water remainder, and total alkaloids | S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, E. coli | EtOAc ext. inhibited B. subtilis (3.0 ± 0.1 mm), EtOH, EtOAc, n-BuOH extracts inhibited B. cereus (5.0 ± 0.1 mm) (at 100 µg/disc concentration) | [5,6,7,21] |
L. kotschyanus | essential oils of flowers and leaves | S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. agalactia,B. anthracis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa | flowers oil showed strong inhibitory activity against S. pyogenes, S. agalactia, B. anthracis, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa; leaves oil only showed inhibitory activity against S. pyogenes | [19] |
L. cabulicus | H2O and EtOH extracts | S. aureus ATCC 6538; E. coli ATCC 11229; B. subtilis ATCC 6633; P. aeriginosa ATCC 9027 | only EtOH extract inhibited S. aureus ATCC 6538 at 0.5 mg/mL | [24] |
L. acutilobus, L. gypsaceus, L. inebrians, L. olgae, L. proskorjakovii, L. setulosus, L. vvedenskyi | compounds lagochilin (1), 5-hydroxy-4’,7-dimethoxyflavone (48), 8-O-acetylharpagide (99), β-sitosterol (121), stigmasterol (123), daucosterol (125), MeOH extracts obtained from the aerial parts of plants | S. aureus ATCC 25923, B. subtilis RKMUz 5, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27879, E. coli RKMUz 221, C. albicans RKMUz 247 | compounds 1, 48, 99, 121, 123, 125 were inactive against the tested microorganisms; B. subtilis (9.12 ± 0.13 mm for MeOH ext. of L. proskorjakovii and 9.04 ± 0.10 mm for MeOH ext. of L. olgae) MeOH extracts of L. inebrians, L. olgae, and L. proskorjakovii were more active against B. subtilis with MIC = 125 μg/mL | [88] |
Species | Tested Sample | Enzyme | Main Finding | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
L. cabulicus | EtOAc and MeOH ext | urease | the extracts showed no Jack bean urease inhibitory activity | [34] |
L. inebrians, L. setulosus, L. gypsaceus | essential oils | AChE, BChE, tyrosinase, glucosidase, amylase | no inhibition was observed by L. gypsaceus EO; L. setulosus EO had no effect against glucosidase; tyrosinase inhibitory activity of EO followed L. inebrans>L. setulosus>L. gypsaceus; L. setulosus EO and L. inebrans EO showed amylase and glucosidase inhibitory effects | [69] |
L. acutilobus, L. gypsaceus, L. inebrians, L. olgae, L. proskorjakovii, L. setulosus, L. vvedenskyi | MeOH extracts and compounds lagochilin (1), 5-hydroxy-4’,7-dimethoxyflavone (48), 8-O-acetylharpagide (99), β-sitosterol (121), daucosterol (125) | AChE, BChE, tyrosinase, glucosidase, amylase | compound 48 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects on both AChE and BChE; the highest tyrosinase inhibitory effect was found for MeOH ext of L. inebrians (from Djizzakh) and 48; MeOH ext of L. acutilobus and 48 showed the best amylase inhibitory effects; MeOH ext of L. inebrians and 48 exhibited stronger glucosidase inhibitory effects; compound 99 had the weakest effect on tested enzymes | [40,88] |
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Mamadalieva, N.Z.; Akramov, D.K.; Wessjohann, L.A.; Hussain, H.; Long, C.; Tojibaev, K.S.; Alshammari, E.; Ashour, M.L.; Wink, M. The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Plants 2021, 10, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010132
Mamadalieva NZ, Akramov DK, Wessjohann LA, Hussain H, Long C, Tojibaev KS, Alshammari E, Ashour ML, Wink M. The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Plants. 2021; 10(1):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010132
Chicago/Turabian StyleMamadalieva, Nilufar Z., Davlat Kh. Akramov, Ludger A. Wessjohann, Hidayat Hussain, Chunlin Long, Komiljon Sh. Tojibaev, Elham Alshammari, Mohamed L. Ashour, and Michael Wink. 2021. "The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology" Plants 10, no. 1: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010132
APA StyleMamadalieva, N. Z., Akramov, D. K., Wessjohann, L. A., Hussain, H., Long, C., Tojibaev, K. S., Alshammari, E., Ashour, M. L., & Wink, M. (2021). The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Plants, 10(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010132