An Integrated BIM–GIS Method for Planning of Water Distribution System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Integration of BIM and GIS
2.2. Previous Studies of Water Distribution Systems (WDSs)
3. Proposed Method
3.1. Semantic Mapping
3.1.1. IFC Schema
3.1.2. CityGML Schema
3.1.3. Mapping IFC Data into CityGML System
3.2. 3D Visualization Model
3.2.1. Surface Model
3.2.2. Modeling of Existing Buildings
3.2.3. Modeling of Pipe Network Systems
3.3. Topological Validation Process
4. Implementation
4.1. The Integration of BIM and GIS
4.2. 3D Visualization Model
4.3. Establishment of Topological Rules and Topological Analysis for the Proposed WDS Project
- Set PLAs and topological rules.PLAs must be produced to examine spatial relationships. Moreover, the topological constraints and rules should specify the spatial relationships between the PLAs. All the PLAs must be organized in the same coordinates.
- Decide cluster tolerance.The topology tool can assign a default cluster tolerance that is a minimum possible value based on the precision requirement of a dataset. The cluster tolerance value should be at least an order of magnitude smaller than the precision of a feature dataset so that close vertices are snapped together.
- Assign topological rules.Topological rules are set to govern the spatial relationships among PLAs [27]. PLAs in the studied area are topologically related. Points and lines are constrained, fall inside, are on the edge, or do not cross the edge of a given area. All participating PLAs in the defined area are to be examined. For example, when the “must not overlap” rule is applied to the defined and adjacent areas, the topology tool would examine the overlap between them. All the topological rules used in this study are displayed in Table 1 and the topological rules used in GIS are shown in Figure 14.
- Topology validation.During the validation process, the topological rules are checked against the PLAs to identify any violations so that the PLAs adhere to the defined rules.
- Error identification.After the validation process, the places where topological rules are violated are identified and marked as dirty areas (red circle areas), which are stored in the topology tool [27]. The topology tool reports the errors so that the user is aware of the violations. In this way, the topology tool helps users to oversee the spatial relationships between the PLAs and the suitability of the pipe network planning.
- Topology editing and revalidationSeveral topology editing tools are provided in ArcGIS to fix the identified topological errors. After editing, the changes are saved in topology and topological rules are required to be revalidated. ArcGIS can automatically identify error locations (these locations violate the topological rules) and only the error locations are revalidated. If the topological rules are changed, the PLAs need to be revalidated.
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Semantic mapping was used to develop an integrated BIM and GIS model for facilitating the WDS planning process.
- (2)
- The proposed method developed a virtual 3D model of the WDS project and its surroundings using the merits of both BIM and GIS. The virtual 3D model has distinct advantages over 2D drawings.
- (3)
- The proposed method was successfully applied to an actual WDS project. It helped to develop reliable WDS planning without conflicts. In addition, the developed model informs industry professionals where adjustments are required to solve the scarcity of space on site.
- (4)
- The techniques explored in this study also support urban development-related projects where project information models do not exist. The information in this study can enrich 3D city models, extending their usability and functionality.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PLAs | Rules | Use in Pipeline | |
---|---|---|---|
Points | a | Must be covered by line | Demand points must be covered pipelines |
b | Must be properly inside areas | All distribution points must be inside the area | |
c | Must be covered by endpoint of | Water tank must be covered by end points of the pipeline | |
Lines | d | Must not intersect | Pipelines must not intersect with each other (water and sewer) |
e | Endpoints must be covered by | Pipelines in area must end at points | |
f | Must not have pseudonodes | Pipes can only end at points to prevent subdivided lines | |
g | Must be inside | The pipes must be inside the area | |
h | Must be covered by features class of | Underground pipelines must be covered by roads | |
Areas | i | Must be covered by | Residential buildings to be covered by some part of pipe system area |
j | Must not have gaps | Land usage of the studied area must form a continuous surface with no gaps | |
k | Must not overlap | Footprints of various buildings must not overlap |
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Zhao, L.; Liu, Z.; Mbachu, J. An Integrated BIM–GIS Method for Planning of Water Distribution System. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8, 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080331
Zhao L, Liu Z, Mbachu J. An Integrated BIM–GIS Method for Planning of Water Distribution System. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2019; 8(8):331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080331
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Linlin, Zhansheng Liu, and Jasper Mbachu. 2019. "An Integrated BIM–GIS Method for Planning of Water Distribution System" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 8: 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080331