Heterogeneity Analysis of Resident Demands and Public Service Facilities in Megacities of China from the Perspective of Urban Health Examination

Public service facilities are the cornerstone of urban development and further expansion, and their spatial distribution fairness is closely related to the quality of life of urban residents. Existing research tends to focus on coverage analysis of a single city or a single type of public service facility, lacking a macro perspective at a medium-to-large scale and consideration of residents’ public service needs. To improve the monitoring of urban public service facility coverage and supply–demand patterns, this paper adopts an urban diagnostic perspective, using 14 megacities from nine urban agglomerations in China as the study area. By integrating spatial and temporal social sensing big data, including road networks, population, and points of interest (POI) data, and employing spatial analysis methods including coverage rate calculation, supply–demand matching efficiency, spatial heterogeneity, and sp{atial stability analysis, this study reveals the spatial distribution patterns of various facilities within cities, as well as the heterogeneity, balance, and equity of supply–demand matching efficiency between different cities. The results show that the spatial distribution of public service facilities in different cities generally tends to concentrate in the central areas, although there are some variations due to local topographical influences. The coverage rate of transportation and education facilities is relatively high, while that of healthcare facilities is generally lower. This study provides information support for urban planning and the optimization of public service facility allocation, contributing to the achievement of sustainable urban development through the comprehensive analysis and comparison of 14 megacities.