Spatial Distribution of Pension Institutions in Shanghai Based on the Perspective of Wisdom Grade
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Spatial Distribution of Pension Institutions
2.2. Intelligent Pension Institutions
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Multi-Source Data Acquisition and Processing
3.2.1. Index Construction
3.2.2. Data Source
3.2.3. The Wisdom Grade Distribution of the Pension Institutions in Shanghai
3.3. Research Methods
3.3.1. Spatial Density Analysis
3.3.2. Spatial Cluster Analysis
3.3.3. Spatial Inequality Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Spatial Scale Distribution
4.2. Spatial Clustering Distribution
4.2.1. Standard Deviation Ellipse and Kernel Density Estimation Analysis
4.2.2. Spatial Correlation Analysis
4.3. Spatial Fairness Distribution
4.3.1. Gini Coefficient
4.3.2. Correlation Coefficient
4.3.3. Resource Allocation Analysis
5. Conclusions, Recommendations, and Limitations of Study
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Recommendations
5.3. Limitation of Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Variable | Description |
---|---|---|
Infrastructure (A1) | Smart Devices (B1) | Intelligent testing equipment, automatic washing and maintenance equipment, and other equipment installation. |
Network facilities (B2) | Coverage of wireless networks, optical fiber, imaging equipment, and other facilities. | |
Environmental facilities (B3) | Installation of barrier-free facilities, intelligent temperature sensing equipment, fresh air system, etc. | |
Emergency facilities (B4) | Improvement of water/fuel/smoke leakage detection system, automatic alarm system, etc. | |
Medical facilities (B5) | Installation of physical examination all-in-one machine, guided inquiry machine, nursing equipment, and other facilities. | |
Management (A2) | Intelligent Supervision (B6) | Coverage of facilities, such as IP cameras and real-time positioning systems. |
Health data (B7) | Establishment, update, and data visualization of health file information | |
Service (A3) | Human Resources (B8) | Number of professional doctors and professional nursing staff. |
Medical Services (B9) | The advanced degree of medical services, such as telemedicine system and monitoring physiological indicators. | |
Psychological Services (B10) | The arrangement of psychological services, such as online psychological counseling and education for the elderly. | |
Life Services (B11) | Convenience of life styles, such as medical care, shopping, diet, entertainment, etc. |
District | Pension Institution | Types of Pension Institutions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Sample (n, %) | Intelligent (n, %) | Semi-Intelligent (n, %) | Non-Intelligent (n, %) | |
a | 28 | 23 (82.14) | 1 (4.35) | 6 (26.09) | 16 (69.57) |
b | 56 | 48 (85.71) | 7 (14.58) | 16 (33.33) | 25 (52.08) |
c | 40 | 36 (90.00) | 5 (13.89) | 9 (25.00) | 22 (61.11) |
d | 37 | 32 (86.49) | 5 (15.63) | 11 (34.38) | 16 (50.00) |
e | 58 | 46 (79.31) | 4 (8.70) | 15 (32.61) | 27 (58.70) |
f | 47 | 41 (87.23) | 4 (9.76) | 16 (39.02) | 21 (51.22) |
g | 74 | 59 (79.73) | 4 (6.78) | 15 (25.42) | 40 (67.80) |
h | 71 | 59 (83.10) | 4 (6.78) | 24 (40.68) | 31 (52.54) |
i | 56 | 49 (87.50) | 8 (16.33) | 18 (36.73) | 23 (46.94) |
j | 34 | 31 (91.18) | 2 (6.45) | 13 (41.94) | 16 (51.61) |
k | 151 | 128 (84.77) | 8 (6.25) | 59 (46.09) | 61 (47.66) |
l | 34 | 30 (88.24) | 2 (6.67) | 8 (26.67) | 20 (66.67) |
m | 36 | 33 (91.67) | 5 (15.15) | 11 (33.33) | 17 (51.52) |
n | 25 | 22 (88.00) | 6 (27.27) | 7 (31.82) | 9 (40.91) |
o | 35 | 32 (91.43) | 3 (9.38) | 15 (46.88) | 14 (43.75) |
p | 43 | 41 (95.35) | 3 (7.32) | 19 (46.34) | 19 (46.34) |
Average | 51.56 | 44.38 (86.06) | 4.44 (10.00) | 16.38 (36.90) | 23.56 (53.10) |
District | Area | Elderly Population | Number of Institutions Adoptions | Number of Beds in Pension Institutions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Intelligent | Semi-Intelligent | Non-Intelligent | ||||
a | 20.52 | 32.62 | 1921 | 2362 | 412 | 997 | 953 |
b | 54.93 | 33.44 | 4043 | 5752 | 853 | 2314 | 2585 |
c | 37.18 | 22.38 | 4291 | 5213 | 682 | 1388 | 3143 |
d | 37 | 36.25 | 3315 | 4221 | 1306 | 1816 | 1727 |
e | 55.53 | 36.6 | 5241 | 5612 | 428 | 2789 | 2106 |
f | 23.48 | 29.49 | 4903 | 6953 | 1224 | 2193 | 3536 |
g | 61.61 | 40.95 | 7305 | 8248 | 961 | 3714 | 3573 |
Urban | 289 | 231.73 | 31,019 | 38,361 | 5866 | 15,211 | 17,623 |
h | 372.56 | 37.76 | 8860 | 12,698 | 1634 | 7036 | 4028 |
i | 365.3 | 37.98 | 7242 | 11,409 | 3283 | 3933 | 4193 |
j | 463.16 | 23.44 | 4995 | 9623 | 411 | 5036 | 4176 |
k | 1210 | 102.48 | 15,326 | 20,953 | 2822 | 10,473 | 7658 |
l | 586.05 | 17.78 | 3155 | 5513 | 1144 | 1422 | 2947 |
m | 606.64 | 20.04 | 4961 | 9556 | 3354 | 2802 | 3400 |
n | 668.54 | 16.49 | 2040 | 6685 | 2389 | 2203 | 2093 |
o | 773.38 | 18.66 | 2956 | 6019 | 1198 | 3243 | 1578 |
p | 1413 | 26.07 | 3893 | 6674 | 590 | 3150 | 2934 |
Suburban | 6050 | 300.70 | 53,428 | 89,130 | 16,825 | 39,298 | 33,007 |
Shanghai | 6339 | 532.43 | 84,447 | 127,491 | 22,691 | 54,509 | 50,630 |
Types of Pension Institutions | Moran’s I | Z | P |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 0.053 | 8.488 | 0.000 |
Intelligent | −0.007 | 0.177 | 0.859 |
Semi-intelligent | 0.082 | 3.373 | 0.001 |
Non-intelligent | 0.018 | 1.641 | 0.101 |
District | G1 | G2 | G3 | District | G1 | G2 | G3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | 0.486 | 0.529 | 0.646 | h | 0.406 | 0.500 | 0.471 |
b | 0.412 | 0.476 | 0.407 | i | 0.347 | 0.481 | 0.516 |
c | 0.452 | 0.537 | 0.503 | j | 0.418 | 0.435 | 0.491 |
d | 0.426 | 0.531 | 0.512 | k | 0.318 | 0.421 | 0.449 |
e | 0.454 | 0.455 | 0.461 | l | 0.323 | 0.367 | 0.526 |
f | 0.346 | 0.515 | 0.480 | m | 0.350 | 0.521 | 0.534 |
g | 0.461 | 0.515 | 0.472 | n | 0.324 | 0.454 | 0.409 |
Urban | 0.440 | 0.518 | 0.500 | o | 0.345 | 0.398 | 0.474 |
p | 0.259 | 0.341 | 0.391 | ||||
Shanghai | 0.387 | 0.495 | 0.513 | Suburban | 0.350 | 0.466 | 0.509 |
Economy, Population, Income, Housing, and Health Status | Value | Correlation Coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | G3 | |||
Economy and population of Shanghai | GDP per capita | 199,543.2 | 0.460 | 0.422 | 0.348 |
Per capita disposable income | 76,066.19 | 0.766 | 0.806 | 0.323 | |
Total service assets | 6885.52 | 0.555 | 0.570 | 0.461 | |
Elderly population density | 357.29 | 0.607 | 0.639 | 0.282 | |
The elderly are the main source of income | Labor income ratio | 3.19% | −0.546 | −0.582 | −0.179 |
Pension ratio | 94.07% | 0.578 | 0.497 | 0.141 | |
The proportion of the rest of the family | 2.09% | −0.427 | −0.184 | −0.055 | |
Subsistence allowance ratio | 0.36% | −0.321 | −0.353 | 0.091 | |
Proportion of property income | 0.06% | 0.165 | 0.076 | −0.003 | |
Living conditions of the elderly | Proportion living with spouse and children | 27.41% | 0.556 | 0.739 | 0.331 |
Proportion living with a spouse | 44.41% | −0.646 | −0.813 | −0.434 | |
Proportion living with children | 12.67% | 0.376 | 0.525 | 0.395 | |
Proportion living alone (with a nanny) | 0.32% | 0.559 | 0.601 | 0.132 | |
Proportion living alone (without nanny) | 9.78% | −0.348 | 0.525 | −0.231 | |
Proportion of pension institutions | 1.96% | 0.084 | 0.192 | 0.012 | |
Health status of the elderly | Healthy ratio | 61.80% | −0.252 | −0.173 | 0.171 |
Basic health ratio | 28.54% | 0.290 | 0.216 | −0.149 | |
Unhealthy but self-care | 6.48% | 0.106 | 0.013 | −0.248 | |
Unhealthy and non-self-care | 3.17% | 0.302 | 0.245 | −0.080 |
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Li, Q.; Tian, Q. Spatial Distribution of Pension Institutions in Shanghai Based on the Perspective of Wisdom Grade. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2023, 12, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12070265
Li Q, Tian Q. Spatial Distribution of Pension Institutions in Shanghai Based on the Perspective of Wisdom Grade. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2023; 12(7):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12070265
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Qiaoxing, and Qinrui Tian. 2023. "Spatial Distribution of Pension Institutions in Shanghai Based on the Perspective of Wisdom Grade" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, no. 7: 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12070265