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Article

Assessing the Effect of Urban Growth on Surface Ecological Status Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery: A Multi-City Analysis

by
Mohammad Karimi Firozjaei
1,*,
Naeim Mijani
1,
Saman Nadizadeh Shorabeh
1,
Yasin Kazemi
2,
Yasser Ebrahimian Ghajari
3,
Jamal Jokar Arsanjani
4,
Majid Kiavarz
1 and
Seyed Kazem Alavipanah
1
1
Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6465, Iran
2
Department of Geography, University of Montreal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol 47148-71167, Iran
4
Geoinformatics Research Group, Department of Planning and Development, Aalborg University Copenhagen, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2023, 12(10), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100406
Submission received: 11 July 2023 / Revised: 20 September 2023 / Accepted: 24 September 2023 / Published: 4 October 2023
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Abstract

Quantification of Surface Ecological Status (SES) changes is of great importance for understanding human exposure and adaptability to the environment. This study aims to assess the effect of urban growth on spatial and temporal changes of SES over a set of neighboring Iranian cities, Amol, Babol, Qaemshahr, and Sari, which are located in moderate and humid climate conditions. Firstly, the built-up footprint was prepared using Landsat images based on the Automatic Built-up Extraction Index (ABEI). Then, the surface biophysical characteristics were calculated. Secondly, the SES was modeled using the Remotely Sensed Ecological Index (RSEI), and the spatio-temporal changes of the SES were evaluated. The results revealed that the average RSEI for these cities increased from 0.48, 0.51, 0.53, and 0.55 in 1986 to 0.69, 0.77, 0.75, and 0.78 in 2022, respectively. The proportion of the poor ecological condition class in these cities rose from 10%, 3%, 5%, and 1% to 74%, 64%, 54%, and 41% during the 1986–2022 period. Our findings indicate that the SES of these cities significantly decreased while they experienced large physical growth. The findings and the methodical approach of the study provide a data-driven approach for monitoring SES in fast growing regions, which is required for studying the impact of climate change on society.
Keywords: Surface Ecological Status (SES); Remotely Sensed Ecological Index (RSEI); urban growth; urban climate; satellite imagery Surface Ecological Status (SES); Remotely Sensed Ecological Index (RSEI); urban growth; urban climate; satellite imagery

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MDPI and ACS Style

Karimi Firozjaei, M.; Mijani, N.; Nadizadeh Shorabeh, S.; Kazemi, Y.; Ebrahimian Ghajari, Y.; Jokar Arsanjani, J.; Kiavarz, M.; Alavipanah, S.K. Assessing the Effect of Urban Growth on Surface Ecological Status Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery: A Multi-City Analysis. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2023, 12, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100406

AMA Style

Karimi Firozjaei M, Mijani N, Nadizadeh Shorabeh S, Kazemi Y, Ebrahimian Ghajari Y, Jokar Arsanjani J, Kiavarz M, Alavipanah SK. Assessing the Effect of Urban Growth on Surface Ecological Status Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery: A Multi-City Analysis. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2023; 12(10):406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100406

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karimi Firozjaei, Mohammad, Naeim Mijani, Saman Nadizadeh Shorabeh, Yasin Kazemi, Yasser Ebrahimian Ghajari, Jamal Jokar Arsanjani, Majid Kiavarz, and Seyed Kazem Alavipanah. 2023. "Assessing the Effect of Urban Growth on Surface Ecological Status Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery: A Multi-City Analysis" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, no. 10: 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100406

APA Style

Karimi Firozjaei, M., Mijani, N., Nadizadeh Shorabeh, S., Kazemi, Y., Ebrahimian Ghajari, Y., Jokar Arsanjani, J., Kiavarz, M., & Alavipanah, S. K. (2023). Assessing the Effect of Urban Growth on Surface Ecological Status Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery: A Multi-City Analysis. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(10), 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100406

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