Does Culture Shape Our Spatial Ability? An Investigation Based on Eye Tracking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Spatial Ability and the Effect of Culture
2.2. Eye Tracking to Evaluate Spatial Ability
3. Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Apparatus
3.3. Materials and Procedure
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Mental Rotation
4.2. Spatial Visualization
4.3. Spatial Orientation
4.4. Spatial Correlation
5. Discussion
5.1. Similarities in Two Cultural Groups: Overall Performance and Visual Information Processing
5.2. Differences in Two Cultural Groups: Accuracy of Small-Scale and Visual Attention Allocation of Large-Scale
6. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Eye Movement Index | Effect | 95% Confidence Interval | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EST | SE | F | p Value | ||
Fixation count/# | CB | −5.621 | 7.163 | 0.616 | 0.437 |
Intercept | 62.814 | 3.869 | |||
Fixation duration/s | CB | −1.766 | 1.733 | 1.039 | 0.314 |
Intercept | 15.142 | 0.936 | |||
Saccade count/# | CB | −9.280 | 9.828 | 0.892 | 0.350 |
Intercept | 93.531 | 5.429 | |||
Saccade frequency/#·s−1 | CB | 0.591 | 0.507 | 1.360 | 0.250 |
Intercept | 4.275 | 0.280 |
Eye Movement Index | Effect | 95% Confidence Interval | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | SE | F | p Value | ||
Time to first fixation/s | CB | −0.010 | 0.022 | 0.194 | 0.663 |
Intercept | 0.320 | 0.014 | |||
Ratio of fixation count/# | CB | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.343 | 0.562 |
Intercept | 0.701 | 0.011 | |||
Ratio of fixation duration/s | CB | 0.016 | 0.020 | 0.628 | 0.433 |
Intercept | 0.734 | 0.012 | |||
Saccade count/# | CB | −2.252 | 11.168 | 0.041 | 0.841 |
Intercept | 97.503 | 6.888 | |||
Saccade frequency/#·s−1 | CB | 0.482 | 0.440 | 1.200 | 0.281 |
Intercept | 3.895 | 0.272 |
Eye Movement Index | Effect | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EST | SE | F | p Value | |||
Ratio of fixation count | Road | CB | 0.021 | 0.049 | 0.180 | 0.674 |
Intercept | 0.214 | 0.169 | ||||
Building | CB | −0.009 | 0.046 | 0.038 | 0.846 | |
Intercept | 0.583 | 0.027 | ||||
Landmark | CB | −0.023 | 0.009 | 6.123 | 0.019 * | |
Intercept | 0.091 | 0.006 | ||||
Intersection | CB | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.148 | 0.702 | |
Intercept | 0.042 | 0.004 | ||||
Ratio of fixation duration | Road | CB | 0.022 | 0.053 | 0.179 | 0.674 |
Intercept | 0.222 | 0.031 | ||||
Building | CB | −0.010 | 0.050 | 0.037 | 0.849 | |
Intercept | 0.570 | 0.029 | ||||
Landmark | CB | −0.020 | 0.009 | 4.908 | 0.034 * | |
Intercept | 0.080 | 0.005 | ||||
Intersection | CB | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.243 | 0.625 | |
Intercept | 0.046 | 0.005 | ||||
Saccade count/# | CB | −2.665 | 5.155 | 0.267 | 0.608 | |
Intercept | 52.335 | 3.010 | ||||
Saccade frequency/#·s−1 | CB | 0.525 | 0.433 | 1.471 | 0.233 | |
Intercept | 4.745 | 0.309 |
Eye Movement Index | Effect | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EST | SE | F | p Value | |||
Ratio of fixation count | Title | CB | 0.035 | 0.199 | 3.096 | 0.085 |
Intercept | 0.118 | 0.011 | ||||
Legend | CB | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 0.919 | |
Intercept | 0.205 | 0.009 | ||||
Main map | CB | −0.054 | 0.028 | 3.655 | 0.062 | |
Intercept | 0.520 | 0.017 | ||||
Ratio of fixation duration | Title | CB | 0.025 | 0.018 | 1.923 | 0.172 |
Intercept | 0.070 | 0.010 | ||||
Legend | CB | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.996 | |
Intercept | 0.217 | 0.011 | ||||
Main map | CB | −0.070 | 0.031 | 4.951 | 0.031 * | |
Intercept | 0.524 | 0.017 | ||||
Saccade count/# | CB | 30.782 | 19.839 | 2.408 | 0.129 | |
Intercept | 148.822 | 10.502 | ||||
Saccade frequency/#·s- | CB | −0.071 | 0.301 | 0.055 | 0.815 | |
Intercept | 4.734 | 0.159 | ||||
Switch time/# | CB | −0.784 | 2.392 | 0.107 | 0.745 | |
Intercept | 22.485 | 1.300 | ||||
Switch frequency/#·s−1 | CB | −0.116 | 0.043 | 7.199 | 0.010 ** | |
Intercept | 0.703 | 0.025 |
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Evaluation Index | Definition | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Accuracy | The ratio of correct answers in the task | The accuracy and efficiency |
Response Time | The time the participants take to complete a task | |
Time to First Fixation | The time spent before the AOI was first fixated on | Time required to notice key information areas |
(Ratio of) Fixation Count | Number of fixations within the AOI (divided by the total fixation count) | Information processing load |
(Ratio of) Fixation Duration | All durations of fixation on one AOI (divided by the total fixation duration) | Time required to process information |
Saccade Count | Total saccade count within the AOI | Information searching load |
Saccade Frequency | Saccade counts divided by visit duration | Information search efficiency |
Switch Time | Number of switches between different maps | Number of information matches |
Switch Frequency | Switching time divided by visit duration | Information matching efficiency |
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Tian, Y.; Yang, T.; Dong, W. Does Culture Shape Our Spatial Ability? An Investigation Based on Eye Tracking. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11110578
Tian Y, Yang T, Dong W. Does Culture Shape Our Spatial Ability? An Investigation Based on Eye Tracking. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2022; 11(11):578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11110578
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Yuyang, Tianyu Yang, and Weihua Dong. 2022. "Does Culture Shape Our Spatial Ability? An Investigation Based on Eye Tracking" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 11: 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11110578