A Study on the Spatio-Temporal Land-Use Changes and Ecological Response of the Dongting Lake Catchment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Resources and Processing
- (1)
- The basic geographic data included administrative division data, land-use data, and digital elevation models (DEM), which were mainly obtained from the Resource and Environment Science and Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 27 July 2021). The administrative division data were the 2015 national, provincial, and municipal vector boundaries. The 1:100,000 land-use data were obtained from the interpretation of Landsat series images and included six years: 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. The land-use data were divided into two levels. The first level was divided into six categories: cultivated land, forest land, grassland, water area, construction land, and unused land; the second level was divided into 26 categories [29]. This set of data has been extensively applied in relevant studies with a higher classification accuracy [30,31,32,33]. To study land-use in the Dongting Lake Basin, we adjusted for the first-level classification structure that merges the second level tidal flats, beaches, and marshes into wetlands, together with the other six first-level categories. Referring to the relevant literatures [34,35,36], compared with other DEM data, the application effect of SRTM DEM was relatively good; thus, the 30 m resolution DEM of SRTM 3 was mosaicked and clipped to provide the DEM data for the Dongting Lake Basin area.
- (2)
- Meteorological data, including rainfall and temperature, were obtained from the National Meteorological Information Centre of China (http://www.nmic.cn/, accessed on 27 July 2021).
- (3)
- The socio-economic data included 10 indicators: GDP; population; output values of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries; fixed asset input; per capita income; agricultural product output; retail sales of social goods; and fiscal expenditure. These were all obtained from the Hunan Province Statistical Yearbook.
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Land-Use Change
Land Cover Dynamic Index
Conversion Matrix
2.3.2. Ecosystem Service Value
2.3.3. Principal Component Analysis
3. Results and analysis
3.1. Land-Use Change
3.1.1. Spatio-Temporal Analysis
3.1.2. Land-Use Transfer Matrix Analysis
3.2. Analysis of ESV of the Dongting Lake Basin
3.2.1. Time Change Characteristics of the Total ESV
3.2.2. Spatial Pattern Characteristics of ESV
3.2.3. Temporal and Spatial Changes in Individual ESVs
Temporal Characteristics of Individual Ecological Services
Spatial Variation of the Value of Individual Ecological Services
3.3. The Exploration of Drive Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. The Determination of Evaluation Method and the Comparison of the Results
4.2. The ESV at the County Scale
4.3. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Apart from construction land, the land-use changes in the Dongting Lake Basin did not show significant changes in other land-use types. The main land-use type in the basin was forest land, with an area proportion of ≥ 60%. Construction land had the largest increase at 1.23%, with a notable trend of outward expansion. The area of arable land decreased the most, at only 0.88%.
- (2)
- During the study period, the conversions of various land types were markedly different. Forest and arable land were transformed into each other with comparable area proportions. Construction land occupied most of the share of forest and arable lands that were transferred out, resulting in a change in these two land-use types. A large area of grassland was transformed to forest and arable land, which was characterized by a rapid conversion speed. Water areas and wetlands were mainly transformed in. Construction land was mainly transformed in with the fastest conversion speed.
- (3)
- The overall ESV of the basin first increased and then decreased. However, the magnitude of the change was small. Forest and arable lands have continuously supported the ecosystem services of the Dongting Lake Basin, but there was a small reduction (to varying degrees) during the study period. The ESVs of the water areas and wetlands increased significantly, partially compensating for the overall ESV loss. In terms of the spatial distribution, the ESV was higher in areas adjacent to wetlands and water areas and were lower in areas adjacent to construction and arable lands. The ESV differentiation was notable.
- (4)
- The main ecological service functions included soil formation and protection, water conservation, gas exchange, climate regulation, and biodiversity protection. The value of the ecological service functions was generally greater than that of the productive functions. The differences in the distribution of various ESVs were closely related to the land-use types. The increase in construction land was the main factor driving the increase in the spatial distribution of the ecological service functions, such as soil formation, raw materials, biodiversity protection, and gas exchange.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T2 | Pi+ | Reduced | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
… | |||||||
… | |||||||
… | |||||||
⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | |
… | |||||||
… | 1 | ||||||
Increased | … |
Ecological Service Function | Forest | Grass Land | Arable Land | Wetland | Water Area | Unused Land |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gas exchange | 10617.11 | 2426.77 | 1516.73 | 5460.23 | 0 | 0 |
Climate regulation | 8190.34 | 2730.11 | 2699.78 | 51872.17 | 1395.39 | 0 |
Water conservation | 9707.07 | 2426.77 | 1820.08 | 47018.63 | 61821.91 | 91.00 |
Soil formation and protection | 11830.49 | 5915.25 | 4428.85 | 5187.22 | 30.33 | 60.67 |
Waste disposal | 3973.83 | 3973.83 | 4974.87 | 55148.30 | 55148.30 | 30.33 |
Biodiversity | 9889.08 | 3306.47 | 2153.76 | 7583.65 | 7553.32 | 1031.38 |
Food production | 303.34 | 910.04 | 3033.46 | 910.038 | 303.35 | 30.33 |
Raw materials | 7887.00 | 151.67 | 303.346 | 212.34 | 30.33 | 0 |
Entertainment | 3882.83 | 121.34 | 30.3346 | 16835.70 | 13165.22 | 30.33 |
1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | Changes from 1990 to 2015 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arable land | 28.76 | 28.48 | 28.65 | 28.54 | 28.17 | 27.88 | −0.88 |
Forest | 61.59 | 61.70 | 61.50 | 61.55 | 61.63 | 61.37 | −0.22 |
Grassland | 5.28 | 5.34 | 5.28 | 5.15 | 4.94 | 4.90 | −0.38 |
Water area | 2.48 | 2.60 | 2.58 | 2.65 | 2.68 | 2.59 | 0.11 |
Wetland | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.13 |
Construction land | 1.15 | 1.21 | 1.26 | 1.39 | 1.82 | 2.38 | 1.23 |
Unused land | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Arable Land | Forest Land | Grassland | Water Area | Wetland | Construction Land | Unused Land | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arable land | 70,421.87 | 1499.35 | 101.95 | 717.61 | 116.07 | 1831.12 | 2.81 | 74,690.77 |
Forest land | 1190.20 | 156,631.36 | 363.23 | 307.55 | 19.15 | 1394.82 | 25.32 | 159,931.64 |
Grassland | 248.25 | 1052.28 | 12,228.11 | 33.71 | 39.29 | 97.91 | 0.98 | 13,700.52 |
Water area | 255.84 | 96.16 | 19.69 | 5386.96 | 640.78 | 51.50 | 0.17 | 6451.10 |
Wetland | 197.54 | 12.16 | 3.81 | 265.34 | 1403.13 | 9.40 | 1.29 | 1892.67 |
Construction land | 79.73 | 76.14 | 6.68 | 25.67 | 3.86 | 2794.39 | 0.23 | 2986.71 |
Unused land | 1.45 | 2.85 | 1.22 | 0.66 | 0.20 | 2.41 | 11.94 | 20.72 |
Total | 72,394.88 | 159,370.30 | 12,724.69 | 6737.49 | 2222.48 | 6181.55 | 42.74 | 259,674.13 |
LCDI | −0.12% | −0.01% | −0.28% | 0.18% | 0.70% | 4.28% | ------ | ------- |
BLCDI | 0.33% | 0.15% | 0.57% | 1.50% | 2.77% | 4.79% | ------ | ------- |
Land-Use Type | ESV (1010 RMB) | Relative Rate of Change from 1990 to 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | ||
Arable land | 15.66 | 15.50 | 15.60 | 15.53 | 15.33 | 15.18 | −3.07% |
Forest land | 106.01 | 106.19 | 105.85 | 105.94 | 106.07 | 105.63 | −0.35% |
Grassland | 3.01 | 3.05 | 3.01 | 2.94 | 2.82 | 2.79 | −7.12% |
Water area | 9.00 | 9.42 | 9.33 | 9.61 | 9.71 | 9.40 | 4.44% |
Wetland | 3.60 | 3.25 | 3.58 | 3.49 | 3.68 | 4.23 | 17.42% |
Total | 137.27 | 137.42 | 137.37 | 137.51 | 137.62 | 137.23 | −0.03% |
Individual Ecological Service Function | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 1990~2015 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gas exchange | 13.51 | 13.51 | 13.48 | 13.47 | 13.46 | 13.44 | −0.07 |
Climate regulation | 12.07 | 11.99 | 12.04 | 12.00 | 12.01 | 12.10 | 0.03 |
Water conservation | 16.10 | 16.17 | 16.17 | 16.23 | 16.27 | 16.26 | 0.16 |
Soil formation and protection | 16.86 | 16.84 | 16.82 | 16.78 | 16.74 | 16.71 | −0.15 |
Waste treatment | 11.09 | 11.11 | 11.15 | 11.19 | 11.20 | 11.21 | 0.12 |
Biodiversity protection | 13.48 | 13.49 | 13.47 | 13.46 | 13.44 | 13.42 | −0.06 |
Food production | 2.12 | 2.10 | 2.11 | 2.10 | 2.08 | 2.07 | −0.05 |
Raw materials | 9.37 | 9.38 | 9.35 | 9.35 | 9.35 | 9.34 | −0.04 |
Entertainment | 5.40 | 5.41 | 5.41 | 5.43 | 5.45 | 5.46 | 0.05 |
Socio-Economic Factors | Natural Factors | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP | Population | Primary Industry | Secondary Industry | Tertiated Industry | Investment in Fixed Assets | Per Capita Income | Agricultural Output | Social Merchandise Retail | Fiscal Expenditure | Temperature | DEM | Rainfall | |
F1 | 0.979 | 0.731 | 0.255 | 0.953 | 0.953 | 0.974 | 0.897 | 0.147 | 0.920 | 0.900 | 0.403 | −0.458 | 0.428 |
F2 | −0.149 | 0.418 | 0.868 | −0.104 | −0.247 | −0.169 | −0.229 | 0.888 | −0.302 | −0.258 | 0.598 | −0.637 | 0.399 |
F3 | 0.032 | 0.417 | 0.385 | −0.053 | 0.068 | 0.053 | −0.171 | 0.402 | 0.073 | 0.163 | −0.599 | 0.492 | −0.361 |
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Yang, N.; Mo, W.; Li, M.; Zhang, X.; Chen, M.; Li, F.; Gao, W. A Study on the Spatio-Temporal Land-Use Changes and Ecological Response of the Dongting Lake Catchment. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110716
Yang N, Mo W, Li M, Zhang X, Chen M, Li F, Gao W. A Study on the Spatio-Temporal Land-Use Changes and Ecological Response of the Dongting Lake Catchment. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(11):716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110716
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Nan, Wenbo Mo, Maohuang Li, Xian Zhang, Min Chen, Feng Li, and Wanchao Gao. 2021. "A Study on the Spatio-Temporal Land-Use Changes and Ecological Response of the Dongting Lake Catchment" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 11: 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110716
APA StyleYang, N., Mo, W., Li, M., Zhang, X., Chen, M., Li, F., & Gao, W. (2021). A Study on the Spatio-Temporal Land-Use Changes and Ecological Response of the Dongting Lake Catchment. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(11), 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110716