SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Secondary Cities: An Analysis and Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selected 2C Initiative Cities: Denpasar, Indonesia; Kharkiv, Ukraine; Mekelle, Ethiopia
2.2. The Global Human Settlement Layer Data
2.3. Calculating the LUE
3. Results
3.1. Inter-City LUE Comparisons
3.2. City LUE Results
3.3. Comparing LUE and UN-LCRPGR Ratios
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions: Scale of Land Use Efficiency
- Six projects in Latin America (Cusco, Peru; Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Medellín, Colombia; Santa Fe, Argentina; Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic; and Tijuana, Mexico);
- Five projects in Eastern Europe and Asia (Denpasar, Indonesia; Darkhan, Mongolia; Kharkiv, Ukraine; Indore, India; and Pokhara, Nepal); and
- Five projects in Africa (Boke-Kamsar, Guinea; Douala, Cameroon; Mekelle, Ethiopia; Pemba, Mozambique; and Port Harcourt, Nigeria) (see https://secondarycities.state.gov/; Accessed date: 15 July 2021).
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Secondary Cities Selected for Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
City | Population a | Population Year | World Region | City Geography |
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia | 883,814 | 2015 | Asia | Island, Coastal |
Kharkiv, Ukraine | 1,442,204 | 2015 | Europe | Inland |
Mekelle, Ethiopia | 440,042 | 2015 | Africa | Highlands |
City | Built-up Area (km2) | Population | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1975 | 1990 | 2000 | 2015 | 1975 | 1990 | 2000 | 2015 | |
Denpasar | 10.1 | 108.91 | 158.18 | 187.76 | 414,889 | 773,921 | 1,110,717 | 1,848,407 |
Kharkiv | 253.14 | 404.78 | 417.95 | 447.21 | 1,518,409 | 1,707,647 | 1,684,508 | 1,624,713 |
Mekelle | 0.02 | 0.69 | 1.72 | 8.88 | 115,777 | 191,460 | 273,444 | 394,372 |
Explanation of LUE Results | ||
---|---|---|
Ratio Relationship to 1 | Urban Change | Definition |
LUE < 1 (negative LUE values) | ↓ population growth | Decrease in population due to changes in land consumption |
0 < LUE < 1 | Rate of population growth EQUALS rate of land consumption | Population growth and land consumption occurs at similar rate |
LUE > 1 (positive LUE values) | ↑ land consumption > population growth | Land consumption occurs at a faster rate than population growth population |
Land Use Efficiency (LUE) a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Population Growth Rate (PGR) b | Land Consumption Rate (LCR) b | 1975–1990 | 1990–2000 | 2000–2015 | 1975–2015 |
Denpasar | 0.037 | 0.073 | 3.82 | 1.03 | 0.34 | 1.96 |
Kharkiv | 0.0017 | 0.014 | 4.00 | −2.35 | −1.87 | 8.41 |
Mekelle | 0.031 | 0.150 | 6.89 | 2.55 | 4.48 | 4.91 |
Change in Populations and Land Consumption (1975–2015) | ||
---|---|---|
City | Population (% Change) | Land Consumption-km2 (% Change) |
Denpasar | 1,433,518 (345%) | 177.75 (18%) |
Kharkiv | 1518.409 (7%) | 194.07 (78%) |
Mekelle | 278,595 (240%) | 8.86 (443%) |
Rate of Urban Infill (1990–2015) a | |||
---|---|---|---|
Built-Up Area (km2) b | |||
City | 1990 | 2015 | Rate of Urban Infill |
Denpasar | 108.91 | 187.87 | 72% |
Kharkiv | 404.78 | 447.21 | 10% |
Mekelle | 0.69 | 8.88 | 1186% |
Land Consumption per Capita (LCPC) (m2 per Person) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
City | 1975 | 1990 | 2000 | 2015 |
Denpasar | 19.59 | 127.33 | 131.24 | 93.74 |
Kharkiv | 159.22 | 232.85 | 248.05 | 274.72 |
Mekelle | 1.80 | 4.66 | 7.21 | 23.57 |
LUE (Land Use Efficiency) Comparison with UN-LCRPGR a Ratios (1990–2015) | ||
---|---|---|
City | UN-LCRPGR | LUE |
Denpasar | 0.2 | 0.62 |
Kharkiv | −1.4 | 0.11 |
Mekelle | 0.9 | 3.64 |
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Laituri, M.; Davis, D.; Sternlieb, F.; Galvin, K. SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Secondary Cities: An Analysis and Assessment. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110713
Laituri M, Davis D, Sternlieb F, Galvin K. SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Secondary Cities: An Analysis and Assessment. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(11):713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110713
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaituri, Melinda, Danielle Davis, Faith Sternlieb, and Kathleen Galvin. 2021. "SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Secondary Cities: An Analysis and Assessment" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 11: 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110713