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Biomolecules
Volume 16
Issue 3
10.3390/biom16030424
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Article

Serine Protease HtrA2 from Halophilic Archeon Haloarcula sp. TG1: Heterologous Expression, Characterization and Immobilization

by
Aslıhan Kurt-Kızıldoğan
1,*,
Ömer Konuksever
1,
Özlem Yavuz
1,
Çiğdem Otur
1,
Büşra Abanoz-Seçgin
1 and
Sezer Okay
2,*
1
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Türkiye
2
Department of Vaccine Technology, Vaccine Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Türkiye
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomolecules 2026, 16(3), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16030424
Submission received: 10 February 2026 / Revised: 10 March 2026 / Accepted: 11 March 2026 / Published: 13 March 2026
(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Halophilic proteases are valuable in industrial applications due to their resistance to harsh conditions. HtrA2 serine protease is widely distributed and conserved among eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, HtrA2 proteases from archaea have been poorly characterized. In this study, htrA2 from haloarcheon Haloarcula sp. TG1 was cloned and corresponding nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analyzed. Recombinant HtrA2 was produced in Escherichia coli, and biochemical properties of purified HtrA2 were characterized. HtrA2 was immobilized for the first time using polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanoparticles. Additionally, potential of HtrA2 as a detergent additive was evaluated by its bloodstain removal activity. Recombinant HtrA2 showed its optimum activity at 50 °C, pH 7.0, and 3.0 M NaCl. HtrA2 activity was highly retained over wide temperature (40 to 60 °C) and pH ranges (pH 5.0 to 11.0). Moreover, various organic solvents, inhibitors and metal ions were well tolerated by the enzyme. Acetone and Fe2+ significantly increased HtrA2 activity, while it was not inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Also, immobilization of HtrA2 onto PHB nanoparticles improved its reusability. Furthermore, HtrA2 successfully removed the bloodstain from cotton fabric. This comprehensive characterization of HtrA2 demonstrates that recombinant HtrA2 obtained from Haloarcula sp. TG1 is promising for industrial applications.
Keywords: enzyme immobilization; haloarchaea; halophilic protease; PHB enzyme immobilization; haloarchaea; halophilic protease; PHB

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kurt-Kızıldoğan, A.; Konuksever, Ö.; Yavuz, Ö.; Otur, Ç.; Abanoz-Seçgin, B.; Okay, S. Serine Protease HtrA2 from Halophilic Archeon Haloarcula sp. TG1: Heterologous Expression, Characterization and Immobilization. Biomolecules 2026, 16, 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16030424

AMA Style

Kurt-Kızıldoğan A, Konuksever Ö, Yavuz Ö, Otur Ç, Abanoz-Seçgin B, Okay S. Serine Protease HtrA2 from Halophilic Archeon Haloarcula sp. TG1: Heterologous Expression, Characterization and Immobilization. Biomolecules. 2026; 16(3):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16030424

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kurt-Kızıldoğan, Aslıhan, Ömer Konuksever, Özlem Yavuz, Çiğdem Otur, Büşra Abanoz-Seçgin, and Sezer Okay. 2026. "Serine Protease HtrA2 from Halophilic Archeon Haloarcula sp. TG1: Heterologous Expression, Characterization and Immobilization" Biomolecules 16, no. 3: 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16030424

APA Style

Kurt-Kızıldoğan, A., Konuksever, Ö., Yavuz, Ö., Otur, Ç., Abanoz-Seçgin, B., & Okay, S. (2026). Serine Protease HtrA2 from Halophilic Archeon Haloarcula sp. TG1: Heterologous Expression, Characterization and Immobilization. Biomolecules, 16(3), 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16030424

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