Myokines May Be the Answer to the Beneficial Immunomodulation of Tailored Exercise—A Narrative Review
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Potential Immune Cells Impacted by Exercise
3. Exercise and Myokines
3.1. Irisin
3.2. Interleukins
3.3. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
3.4. Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs)
3.5. Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1)
4. Myokines and Immune Cells
4.1. Irisin
4.2. Interleukins
4.2.1. IL-6 Family
4.2.2. IL-10
4.2.3. IL-15
4.3. BDNF
4.4. FGF Family
4.4.1. FGF2
4.4.2. FGF21
4.5. IGF-1
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Myokines | Model | Stimulation | Myokine Alteration | Physical Signs | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irisin | Mice | Swimming training (30 min/day, for 3 days/week for 8 weeks) | Irisin ↑ in muscle | Reduced the oxidative stress index (OSI), degeneration in the heart muscle, inflammation and cardiopathy | [46] |
Mice | Treadmill exercise with moderate intensity (5 days/week for 8 weeks) | Irisin ↑ in muscle | Increased bone mineral density of trabecular bone in mice | [47] | |
Rat | Swimming training (60 min/day, for 7 days/week for 8 weeks) | Irisin ↑ in serum | Effectively improved bone health caused by obesity | [48] | |
Mice | Aerobic exercise, Resistance exercise, Vibration exercise, The Electrical stimulation (60 min/day, for 5 days/week for 4 weeks) | Irisin/FNDC5 ↑ in muscle | Promoted mitochondrial autophagy, improving heart function and resisting exercise. | [49] | |
Human | Cycling on stationary bikes (20–35 min/week for 10 weeks) | Irisin ↑ in plasma | Improved glucose homeostasis and caused a small weight loss | [50] | |
Human | Progressive resistance training (1 h/day, for 2 days/week for 12 weeks) | Irisin ↑ in serum | Increased grip strengthand leg strength | [51] | |
Human | Strength and endurance training intervention (60 min/day, for 2 days/week for 12 weeks) | Irisin ↑ in serum | Not described | [52] | |
Human | Moderate-intensity treadmill walking (180 min, 21.9 °C and 41.1 °C) | Irisin ↑ in serum | Reduced oxidative stress and inflammation | [53] | |
Human | Winter swimming | Irisin ↓ in serum | Not described | [54] | |
IL-6 | Human | Marathon | IL-6 ↑ in plasma | Not described | [55] |
Rat | Treadmill running and ladder climbing (75 min/day, for 3 days/week for 12 weeks) | IL-6 ↑ in muscle | Helped reduce inflammation | [56] | |
LIF | Rat | Interval exercise training (60 min/day, for 5 days/week for 8 weeks) | LIF ↑ in muscle | Reduced apoptosis and promoted proliferation in gastrocnemius muscle | [57] |
Human | Heavy resistance exercise of 6–8 repetitions | LIF ↑ in muscle | Not described | [58] | |
IL-10 | Rat | HIIT (Running with 8 m/min, 10 min/day for 5 days) | IL-10 ↑ in serum | The expression of pro-inflammatory factors was inhibited | [59] |
Human | Physical activity of moderate intensity (12 weeks) | IL-10 ↑ in serum | Improvement of metabolic risk factors | [60] | |
Human | Running 5 km intermittently; running 5 km continuously at 70% of MAS (determined in the incremental test) on the treadmill | IL-10 ↑ in serum | It effectively inhibits the progression of inflammatory response | [61] | |
IL-15 | Human | A bilateral leg resistance exercise | IL-15 ↑ in muscle serum | Improved myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate | [62] |
Human | High-intensity circuit training (HICT) (3 days/week for 5 weeks) | IL-15 ↑ in serum | Improved an insulin sensitivity | [63] | |
Human | Moderate intensity exercise (60 min/day, for 3 days/week for 12 weeks) | IL-15 ↑ in serum | Decreased body fat | [64] | |
BDNF | Mice | Swimming training (30 min/day, for 7 days/week for 12 weeks) | BDNF ↑ in cerebral cortex | Provided neuroprotective effects | [65] |
Mice | Voluntary wheel-running exercise (30 days) | BDNF ↑ in striatum | Enhanced striatal dopamine (DA) release | [66] | |
Mice | Rat cages equipped with running Wheels (3 h/day for 2 weeks) | BDNF ↑ in hippocampal tissues | Improved cognition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | [67] | |
Human | Aerobic exercise (35 min) | BDNF ↑ in serum | Improved cognition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | [68] | |
Human | Walk on a treadmill at light to moderate intensity (30 min) | mBDNF ↑ in serum | Enhancement of neuroplasticity and facilitate the improvement of motor performance | [69] | |
FGF2 | Rat | Continuous exercise training (15 min at 65% maximal speed for 1 week, 20 min for 2 weeks, 25 min for three weeks at 70% maximal speed, and 30 min for 4, 5, and 6 weeks at 70% maximal speed) | FGF2↑ in heart tissue | Delayed age-related myocardial fibrosis | [70] |
Human | Aerobic exercise (300 min/week for 12 months) | FGF2 ↑ in serum | Reduced postmenopausal breast cancer risk | [71] | |
FGF21 | Mice | Resistance training (10 repetitions/day, 3 days/week for 8 weeks | FGF21 ↑ in muscle | Improved muscle strength | [72] |
Mice | Performed treadmill exercises at 30 m/min for 60 min | FGF21 ↑ in plasma and muscle | Not described | [73] | |
Human | A treadmill exercise test (following the Bruce’s protocol) (5 days/week for 2 weeks) | FGF21 ↑ in serum | Increased glucose intake | [74] | |
IGF-1 | Mice | Ladder climbing (85-degree incline, 1.5 cm spacing), utilizing progressive overload (twice a day, every third day for 16–18 weeks) | IGF-1 ↑ in muscle | Compensatory growth of muscle | [75] |
Human | Resistance training (RT), aerobic training (AT), combination training (CT) (60 min/day, for 3 days/week for 8 weeks) | IGF-1 ↑ in serum | Increased muscle mass and reduced total fat mass and visceral fat area (VFA) | [76] |
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Lu, Z.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.-A.; Ning, K. Myokines May Be the Answer to the Beneficial Immunomodulation of Tailored Exercise—A Narrative Review. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14101205
Lu Z, Wang Z, Zhang X-A, Ning K. Myokines May Be the Answer to the Beneficial Immunomodulation of Tailored Exercise—A Narrative Review. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(10):1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14101205
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Zheng, Zhuo Wang, Xin-An Zhang, and Ke Ning. 2024. "Myokines May Be the Answer to the Beneficial Immunomodulation of Tailored Exercise—A Narrative Review" Biomolecules 14, no. 10: 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14101205
APA StyleLu, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, X.-A., & Ning, K. (2024). Myokines May Be the Answer to the Beneficial Immunomodulation of Tailored Exercise—A Narrative Review. Biomolecules, 14(10), 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14101205