Parental Programming of Offspring Health: The Intricate Interplay between Diet, Environment, Reproduction and Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Parental Diet and Obesity
3. Parental Age
4. Parental Exposure to Environmental Pollutants
5. Mechanisms Underlying Parental Programming
5.1. Parental Epigenetic Status
5.2. Embryo Directed Mechanisms of Parental Programming
5.3. Parental Influences on the Uterine Environment
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Singular/Combined | Major Outcomes/Findings | Species | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parental obesity | Paternal alone | Minimal impacts on seminal quality. Some studies indicate links between the Kisspeptin signaling pathway and obesity-induced male infertility Obesity may disturb early embryonic cell cycles kinetics, seminal/spermatozoal biomolecular composition, diminish reproductive performance and increase sperm oxidative stress | Human/Rodents | [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] |
Maternal alone | Maternal obesity been associated with high rates of meiotic spindle abnormalities, defective mitochondria, increased levels of reactive oxygen species, dyslipidemia, perturbed follicular fluid composition and oocyte quality | Humans/Mice | [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] | |
Combined parental | Combined parental obesity leads to impaired post-fertilization development and offspring health, e.g., increased risk of birth defects, elevated weight gain in postnatal life and metabolic disorders in adulthood | Humans/Mice | [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62] | |
Advanced parental age | Paternal alone | Perturbed growth and development, dysregulated immune cell profiles, increased risk of autism spectrum disorders and impaired neurocognition | Humans/Mice | [66,67,68] |
Maternal alone | Programming effects similar to those observed in advanced paternal age studies | Mice | [64,65] | |
Combined parental | Reduced fecundity and compromised neuro-development | Humans | [69,70] | |
Parental Exposure to Environmental Pollutants | Paternal alone | EDCs disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thus compromising sperm/semen quality, conception potential and embryonic development | Humans/Rodents | [72,73,74,75,76,77,79] |
Maternal alone | EDCs disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, affecting oocyte’s structural and functional integrity and thus compromising fertilization potential | Humans/Mice/Cattle | [82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92] | |
Combined parental | Adverse pregnancy outcomes, e.g., altered morphometry of fetus/embryo, impaired growth | Humans | [78,80,81,93,94,95] |
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Batra, V.; Norman, E.; Morgan, H.L.; Watkins, A.J. Parental Programming of Offspring Health: The Intricate Interplay between Diet, Environment, Reproduction and Development. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12091289
Batra V, Norman E, Morgan HL, Watkins AJ. Parental Programming of Offspring Health: The Intricate Interplay between Diet, Environment, Reproduction and Development. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(9):1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12091289
Chicago/Turabian StyleBatra, Vipul, Emily Norman, Hannah L. Morgan, and Adam J. Watkins. 2022. "Parental Programming of Offspring Health: The Intricate Interplay between Diet, Environment, Reproduction and Development" Biomolecules 12, no. 9: 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12091289