The Benefits of Anthocyanins against Obesity-Induced Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Human Obesity: Its Causes and Consequences
3. Obesity-Induced Inflammation
4. Anthocyanins
4.1. Chemistry of Anthocyanins
4.2. Bioavailability of Anthocyanins
4.3. Stability of Anthocyanins
5. Effects of Anthocyanins in Obesity-Associated Inflammation
5.1. Anti-Inflammatory Effect
5.2. Regulating the Gut Microbiota
5.3. Molecular Pathway for Effects of Anthocyanin on Obesity-Associated Inflammation
- SUMMARY POINTS
- Obesity is associated with meta-inflammation, a newly coined term for chronic low-grade inflammation as a response to obesity.
- The state of inflammation in obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which increases the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6. Additionally, increased numbers of M1 macrophages in adipose tissue can release pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Anthocyanins decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines in obese animal models, in studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo.
- Anthocyanins might have potential to be a treatment for obesity-related inflammation and chronic diseases.
- Be aware that the bioavailability, including metabolism and excretion, of anthocyanins is low. Therefore, future research is needed to increase the bioavailability of anthocyanins to improve their beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in people with obesity.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Anthocyanins | Color | pH Ranges | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Pelargonidin | Red, orange | Low pH (pH < 3) | Radish, pomegranate, red potato, ripe raspberry |
Cyanidin | Red, reddish-purple | Low to neutral pH (pH 3–7) | Blackberry, red sweet potato, purple corn, tart and sweet cherry |
Peonidin | Purplish-red | Neutral pH (pH 6–7) | Sweet potato, cranberry, grape, purple corn |
Petunidin | Purple, dark red | Low to high pH (pH 3–8) | Blackcurrant, black bean, red berry |
Delphinidin | Purple, blue-reddish | Neutral to high pH (pH 7–11) | Pomegranate, black bean, purple tomato |
Malvidin | Purple | Neutral pH (pH 7–8) | Blueberry, red wine, bilberry, mulberry |
Food Source | Bioactive of Anthocyanins | Effects | Study Group | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tart cherries |
| Reduced IL-6 level | Adipose stem cells | [49] |
Red raspberries | Identified anthocyanins N/A |
| RAW264.7 macrophages | [50] |
Black soybeans |
|
| 3T3-L1 cells | [51] |
Sweet cherry |
|
| RAW 264.7 macrophages | [52] |
Blueberry supplementation | Phenolics and anthocyanin |
| Male Wistar rats fed HFD | [53] |
Tart cherry extract |
| Decreased IL-6 andleptin levels | Obese mice | [54] |
Tart cherry seed powder and tart cherry juice | Identified anthocyanins N/A |
| Male Wistar rats fed HFD | [55] |
Sweet cherry |
|
| Male C57BL/6 mice fed HFD | [56] |
Pomegranate peel extract | Ellagitannins and anthocyanins |
| Balb/c obese mice | [57] |
Strawberrybeverage |
| Improved hs-CRPand IL-6 | Overweight adults | [58] |
Black soybean testa extracts |
|
| Overweight and obese adults | [59] |
Queen garnet plum | Cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside | Reduced LDL level, plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, leptin and GLP-1 concentrations | Mildly hypertensive obese/overweight adults | [60] |
Authentic tart cherry juice |
| Reduced TNF-α and MCP-1 | Overweight and obese adults | [61] |
Strawberry | Identified anthocyanins N/A | No effect on inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) | Obese healthy males and females | [62] |
Commercially available red orange juice | Identified anthocyanins N/A | No effect on body weight and plasma inflammatory markers | Overweight or obese females | [63] |
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Ngamsamer, C.; Sirivarasai, J.; Sutjarit, N. The Benefits of Anthocyanins against Obesity-Induced Inflammation. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12060852
Ngamsamer C, Sirivarasai J, Sutjarit N. The Benefits of Anthocyanins against Obesity-Induced Inflammation. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(6):852. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12060852
Chicago/Turabian StyleNgamsamer, Chanya, Jintana Sirivarasai, and Nareerat Sutjarit. 2022. "The Benefits of Anthocyanins against Obesity-Induced Inflammation" Biomolecules 12, no. 6: 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12060852