Elevated Expression and Activation of GPR15 in Immune Cells in Graves’ Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolation
2.3. RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
2.4. Flow Cytometry
2.5. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) for Plasma GPR15L
2.6. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for GPR15
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. GPR15 and GPR15L Expression Levels Were Elevated in Patients with GD
3.2. The Frequency of GPR15+ Cells Increased in Specific Subsets of PBMCs of GD Patients and the Expression of GPR15 Correlated Positively with IL4 and IL21
3.2.1. The Frequency of GPR15+ Cells Increased in T cells, NK Cells, and Monocytes
3.2.2. GPR15+ Th Cells and GPR15+ Tc Cells Were Increased in GD Patients
3.2.3. GPR15 Expression Was Enhanced in the TCM Subset of CD4+ T Cells and Both TCM and TEM Subsets of CD8+ T Cells in GD Patients
3.2.4. The Expression of GPR15 Correlated Positively with IL4 and IL21 in GD Patients
3.3. GPR15 Level Was Raised in Thyroid Tissue of GD Patients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Graves’ Disease | Health Control | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 56 | 74 | - |
Age (years) | 33.75 ± 11.00 | 35.10 ± 10.01 | 0.469 |
Gender (F/M) | 45/11 | 48/26 | 0.052 |
FT3 (pmol/L) | 21.29(12.16, 30.72) | - | - |
FT4 (pmol/L) | 34.52(27.75, 43.65) | - | - |
TSH (IU/mL) | 0.001(0.001, 0.003) | - | - |
TRAb (IU/L) | 8.59(4.75, 22.35) | - | - |
TPOAb (IU/mL) | 254.13(427.24, 62.59) | 7.05(13.11, 5) | <0.001 |
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Zhao, J.; Liu, X.; Xu, J.; Fang, Y.; Du, P.; Gao, C.; Cai, T.; Gu, Z.; Qin, Q.; Zhang, J. Elevated Expression and Activation of GPR15 in Immune Cells in Graves’ Disease. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121899
Zhao J, Liu X, Xu J, Fang Y, Du P, Gao C, Cai T, Gu Z, Qin Q, Zhang J. Elevated Expression and Activation of GPR15 in Immune Cells in Graves’ Disease. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(12):1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121899
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Jing, Xuerong Liu, Jianbin Xu, Yudie Fang, Peng Du, Chaoqun Gao, Tiantian Cai, Zhaohua Gu, Qiu Qin, and Jin’an Zhang. 2022. "Elevated Expression and Activation of GPR15 in Immune Cells in Graves’ Disease" Biomolecules 12, no. 12: 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121899
APA StyleZhao, J., Liu, X., Xu, J., Fang, Y., Du, P., Gao, C., Cai, T., Gu, Z., Qin, Q., & Zhang, J. (2022). Elevated Expression and Activation of GPR15 in Immune Cells in Graves’ Disease. Biomolecules, 12(12), 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121899