Mechanism and Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteosarcoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ERS and UPR
2.1. The Three Branches of UPR
2.1.1. IRE1
2.1.2. PERK
2.1.3. ATF6
3. ERS Signaling in Osteosarcoma
3.1. IRE1α-XBP1s Pathway
3.2. ATF6
3.3. GPR78 and GPR94
3.4. Crosstalk of ERS with Other Pathways
3.4.1. Integrated Stress Response (ISR)
3.4.2. Autophagy
3.4.3. Oxidative Stress
3.4.4. PI3K/Akt Pathway
3.4.5. Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
3.4.6. MicroRNAs
4. Treatment of Osteosarcoma
4.1. Current Treatment Methods of Osteosarcoma and Their Limitations
4.2. Potential Osteosarcoma Treatments That Target ERS
4.2.1. IRE1
4.2.2. PERK
4.2.3. PI3K/Akt
4.2.4. Other Therapeutic Targets
5. Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Medicine | Drug Category | Natural or Chemical Synthesis | Drug Action Target | Mode of Action | Stage of Drug | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZSTK474 | Phosphoinositi-de 3 kinase inhibitor | Chemical synthesis | PI3K/AKT/mTOR | ZSTK474-VSVΔ51 combination therapy | Experimental stage | [98] |
CXCR4 | Receptor protein | Natural | PI3K/AKT/NF-κβ | Down-regulated expression and inhibition pathway | Experimental stage | [97] |
GPR94 | Glucose related protein | Natural | GPR94 | Upregulated expression and improving chemotherapy sensitivity | Experimental stage | [62] |
Sestrin2 | Gene target | Natural | Sestrin2/PERK/eIF2α/CHOP | Knocking out and improving chemotherapy sensitivity | Experimental stage | [73] |
CYT997 | Microtubule targeting agent | Chemical synthesis | PERK/eIF2α/CHOP/ERO1 | Activating ROS, inducing autophagy and apoptosis | Experimental stage | [72] |
β-Elemonic acid | Active ingredient | Natural | PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP, Wnt/β-catenin | Direct treatment | Experimental stage | [16] |
celastrol | Quinone methylamine triterpenoids | Natural | PERK/eIF2α | Inducing autophagy and apoptosis | Applied treatment | [129] |
Surfactant | Cyclic lipopeptide | Natural | IRE1/ASK1/JNK | Abnormal Ca2+ Release and strengthening routine treatment | Experimental stage | [130] |
E2F1 | Transcription factor | Natural | IRE1/Xbp-1 | Down, combined with ATF6, inhibition GPR78 | Experimental stage | [57] |
Melittin | Protein | Natural | IRE1/Xbp-1 | Inhibition MG63 cell proliferation | Applied treatment | [131] |
Artocarpin | Flavonoid derivatives | Natural | GPR78 | Activation of ROS, ER stress and other pathways, inducing apoptosis | Experimental stage | [132] |
Kuanoniami-ne C | Nitramine | Natural | GPR78 | Degradation GPR78 mRNA, stimulating bortezomib to induce apoptosis | Experimental stage | [133] |
α-Mangostin | Enzyme | Natural | Wnt/β-catenin | Inducing apoptosis | Experimental stage | [106] |
ZBTB7A | miR663 target gene | Natural | miR-663a/ZBTB7A/LncRNAGAS5 | Down regulation, promoting apoptosis | Experimental stage | [112] |
Endoplasmic reticulum targeted adriamycin | Adriamycin | Chemical synthesis | C/EBP-β LIP/CHOP/PUMA/caspases 12-7-3 | Increasing sensitivity | Experimental stage | [134] |
Calcitriol | Alcohol | Natural | Cell cycle | Inhibition of AXT cell proliferation | Approved by FDA | [135] |
Plumbagin | Plant isolate | Natural | Apoptotic pathway | Induction of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction | Experimental stage | [136] |
Stim1 | Medium factor | Natural | GPR78, CHOP, ATF4 | Knocking down, increasing cisplation sensitivity | Experimental stage | [137] |
Grphene oxide nanoparticles | MTH1 inhibitor | Chemical synthesis | JNK/p53/p21 | Combined photodynamic therapy | Experimental stage | [82] |
HA-Lsdox | Conjugated liposome | Chemical synthesis | Pgp, CHOP | Improving the sensitivity of adrianycin treatment | Experimental stage | [138] |
Panobinostat | Anticancer drugs | Chemical synthesis | P21, TP53, Bip, CHOP | Inhibiting OS cell survival | Experimental stage | [139] |
TIM | Plant isolate | Natural | IRE1, ATF6 | Antitumor | Experimental stage | [140] |
Wogonin | Flavone | Natural | GPR78 | Cleaving GPR78 and promoting apoptosis | Experimental stage | [141] |
An-GD2-mAb | Antibody | Chemical synthesis | elF2α, CHOP | Cisplatin and An-GD2 mAb combination therapy | Experimental stage | [142] |
GdCl3 | Chemical anticancer agent | Chemical synthesis | DNA | Inducing ERS and promoting apoptosis | Experimental stage | [143] |
Psoralen | Pseudomonas active ingredient | Natural | ATF6, CHOP | Promoting apoptosis | Experimental stage | [144] |
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Zhu, P.; Li, T.; Li, Q.; Gu, Y.; Shu, Y.; Hu, K.; Chen, L.; Peng, X.; Peng, J.; Hao, L. Mechanism and Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteosarcoma. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121882
Zhu P, Li T, Li Q, Gu Y, Shu Y, Hu K, Chen L, Peng X, Peng J, Hao L. Mechanism and Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteosarcoma. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(12):1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121882
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Peijun, Ting Li, Qingqing Li, Yawen Gu, Yuan Shu, Kaibo Hu, Leifeng Chen, Xiaogang Peng, Jie Peng, and Liang Hao. 2022. "Mechanism and Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteosarcoma" Biomolecules 12, no. 12: 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121882