Ornithine Aspartate and Vitamin-E Combination Has Beneficial Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Animal Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Study Design
2.2. Ornithine Aspartate and Vitamin E Treatment
2.3. Atherogenic Ratios
2.4. Systemic Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction
2.5. Analysis of the Circulating microRNAs
2.6. Liver Histopathological Analysis
2.7. Cardiomyocytes Morphometric Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Atherogenic Ratios to Assess Cardiovascular Risk
3.3. Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Assessment of Liver Damage and Cardiovascular Risk
3.4. Gene Expression of the Circulating microRNAs
3.5. Morphometric and Histopathological Evaluation of Cardiomyocytes
3.6. Liver Histopathological Analysis
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AC | atherogenic coefficient |
ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
CRI | Castelli’s Risk Index |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
HDLc | high density lipoprotein-cholesterol |
H&E | hematoxylin & eosin |
HFCD | high-fat and choline-deficient |
LDLc | low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol |
ICAM | intercellular adhesion molecule |
IL | interleukin |
LOLA | ornithine aspartate |
MAFLD | metabolic-associated fatty liver disease |
MCP | monocyte chemoattractant protein |
NAFLD | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
PAI | plasminogen activator inhibitor |
TC | total cholesterol |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
Veh | vehicle |
vitamin E | VitE |
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Variables # | Control | NAFLD | NAFLD+LOLA | NAFLD+VitE | NAFLD+LOLA+VitE | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 7.92 (0.69–15.16) | 5.50 (1.49–9.51) | 7.87 (2.0−13.73) | 9.04 (3.30–14.79) | 10.12 (1.17–19.06) | 0.843 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 191.75 (36.93–994.25) | 116.15 (13.96–439.46) | 90.94 (25.47–149.70) | 113.67 (13.96–217.46) | 22.20 (1.96–994.25) | 0.165 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 5.21 (1.44–8.99) | 3.49 (2.71–4.25) | 4.02 (2.58−5.46) | 4.56 (3.28–5.85) | 3.39 (1.90–4.87) | 0.580 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 33.17 (19.93–49.62) | 56.07 (29.12–91.3) | 44.66 (24.88–76.66) | 53.55 (29.12–76.84) | 48.05 (27.53–66.41) | 0.062 |
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 317.39 (252.11–382.66) a | 433.32 (356.65–510.0) a,b | 395.64 (259.58–531.70) a,b | 523.19 (450.96–595.42) b | 453.10 (317.08–588.92) a,b | 0.037 |
e-selectin (ng/mL) | 1.72 (1.42–2.03) a | 2.38 (1.95–2.80) a,b | 2.52 (2.22–2.82) b | 2.20 (1.76–2.65) a,b | 2.43 (2.0–2.87) b | 0.015 |
ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 0.14 (±0.03) a | 0.46 (±0.15) a,b | 0.67 (±0.15) b | 0.60 (±0.18) b | 1.06 (±0.40) b | <0.001 |
PAI-1 (pg/mL) | 42.56 (18.24–66.88) | 46.28 (29.04–63.52) | 106.26 (29.57–182.94) | 89.25 (43.46–135.03) | 122.80 (19.78–225.80) | 0.170 |
Insulin (pg/mL) | 381.52 (±74.72) a | 1750.39 (±498.76) b | 1170.23 (±264.63) a,b | 1023.09 (±204.90) a,b | 1880.82 (±326.98) b | <0.001 |
Leptin (pg/mL) | 2227.51 (68.93–7502.01) a | 10119.70 (1203.67–25894.03) b | 7240.19 (3879.69–10600.70) a,b | 10807.54 (2779.80–18835.28) b | 11202.96 (7618.65–14787.270) a | 0.025 |
Adiponectina (ng/mL) | 15.32 (11.36–19.28) a | 35.45 (26.87–44.03) b | 37.31 (29.59–45.04) b | 37.91 (22.91–52.92) b | 30.05 (26.10–35.25) a,b | 0.001 |
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de Freitas, L.B.R.; Longo, L.; Filippi-Chiela, E.; de Souza, V.E.G.; Behrens, L.; Pereira, M.H.M.; Leonhard, L.C.; Zanettini, G.; Pinzon, C.E.; Luchese, E.; et al. Ornithine Aspartate and Vitamin-E Combination Has Beneficial Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Animal Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121773
de Freitas LBR, Longo L, Filippi-Chiela E, de Souza VEG, Behrens L, Pereira MHM, Leonhard LC, Zanettini G, Pinzon CE, Luchese E, et al. Ornithine Aspartate and Vitamin-E Combination Has Beneficial Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Animal Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(12):1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121773
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Freitas, Laura Bainy Rodrigues, Larisse Longo, Eduardo Filippi-Chiela, Valessa Emanoele Gabriel de Souza, Luiza Behrens, Matheus Henrique Mariano Pereira, Luiza Cecília Leonhard, Giulianna Zanettini, Carlos Eduardo Pinzon, Eduardo Luchese, and et al. 2022. "Ornithine Aspartate and Vitamin-E Combination Has Beneficial Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Animal Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats" Biomolecules 12, no. 12: 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121773