TGFβ-Neurotrophin Interactions in Heart, Retina, and Brain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. TGFβ and Neurotrophin Signaling in the Heart
2.1. Neurotrophins in the Heart
2.2. TGFβ Signaling in the Cardiovascular System
2.3. A Brief Overview: Ischemic Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction (MI)
2.4. Neurotrophins in MI
2.5. Cell Type-Specific Effects of Neurotrophins and the Heart-Brain Axis
2.6. The Role of TGFβ Signaling in MI: Timing Matters
2.7. Specific Actions of TGFβ Signaling in MI: Cell-Type Matters
3. TGFβ and Neurotrophin Signaling in the Central Nervous System (CNS): Retina
3.1. Neurotrophins in the Retina and the Brain-Retina Axis
3.2. TGF-β Signaling and Its Cross-Talk with Neurotrophins in the Eye
3.3. A Brief Overview: (Neo)Vascular Eeye Diseases
3.4. Neurotrophins in (Neo)Vascular Eye Diseases
3.5. TGF-β Signaling in (Neo)Vascular Eye Diseases
4. TGFβ and Neurotrophin Signaling in the Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain
4.1. Neurotrophins in Nervous System Development and Homeostasis
4.2. TGFβ Signaling in the Brain
4.3. A Brief Overview: Ischemic Stroke
4.4. Neurotrophins and Ischemic Stroke
4.5. TGFβ and Ischemic Stroke
4.6. TGFβ-Neurotrophin Cross-Talk in the Brain
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DR | diabetic retinopathy |
AMD | age-related macular degeneration |
TGFβ | transforming growth factor β |
CNS/PNS | central and peripheral nervous systems, |
BDNF | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
NGF | nerve growth factor |
NT-3 | neurotrophin-3 |
NT-4/5 | neurotrophin-4/5 |
TrkA–C | tropomyosin receptor kinase A–C |
p75NTR | neurotrophin receptor p75 |
TGFβR1/2 | TGFβ receptor types 1 and 2 |
BMP | bone morphogenetic protein |
GDF | growth differentiation factors |
ALK1/5 | activin A receptor like type 1/5 |
SMAD | abbreviation refers to “small worm phenotype” (SMA) and “mother against decapentaplegic” (MAD), which are homologs of C. elegans and drosophila |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
MI | myocardial infraction |
BAX | BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator |
BCL2 | BCL2 Apoptosis Regulator |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
CAP | capsaicin |
GW788388 | small-molecule inhibitor of TGFβR1 |
BRB | blood-retinal barrier |
BBB | blood-brain barrier |
RPE | retinal pigment epithelium |
RGC | retinal ganglion cells |
CNV | choroidal neovascularization |
tPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
NSC | neuronal stem cells |
t/pMCAO | transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion |
eNOS | endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
ENG | endoglin |
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Schlecht, A.; Vallon, M.; Wagner, N.; Ergün, S.; Braunger, B.M. TGFβ-Neurotrophin Interactions in Heart, Retina, and Brain. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091360
Schlecht A, Vallon M, Wagner N, Ergün S, Braunger BM. TGFβ-Neurotrophin Interactions in Heart, Retina, and Brain. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(9):1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091360
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchlecht, Anja, Mario Vallon, Nicole Wagner, Süleyman Ergün, and Barbara M. Braunger. 2021. "TGFβ-Neurotrophin Interactions in Heart, Retina, and Brain" Biomolecules 11, no. 9: 1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091360