Exogenously Applied Gibberellic Acid Enhances Growth and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Maize through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Attributes

Shahzad, Kashif; Hussain, Sadam; Arfan, Muhammad; Hussain, Saddam; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Zamir, Shahid; Saddique, Maham; Rauf, Abdur; Kamal, Khaled Y.; Hano, Christophe; El-Esawi, Mohamed A.

doi:10.3390/biom11071005

Open AccessArticle

Exogenously Applied Gibberellic Acid Enhances Growth and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Maize through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Attributes

by

Kashif Shahzad

^1,†,

Sadam Hussain

^2,3,†

,

Muhammad Arfan

¹,

Saddam Hussain

^2,*

,

Ejaz Ahmad Waraich

²,

Shahid Zamir

²,

Maham Saddique

¹,

Abdur Rauf

⁴

,

Khaled Y. Kamal

⁵

,

Christophe Hano

⁶

and

Mohamed A. El-Esawi

^7,*

¹

Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

²

Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

³

College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

⁴

Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23430, Pakistan

⁵

Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt

⁶

Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France

⁷

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These two authors contributed equally to this work.

Biomolecules 2021, 11(7), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11071005

Submission received: 7 May 2021 / Revised: 1 July 2021 / Accepted: 1 July 2021 / Published: 9 July 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Hormones and Stresses)

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Abstract

Soil salinity is the major limiting factor restricting plant growth and development. Little is known about the comparative and combined effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃) seed priming and foliar application on maize under salt stress. The current study determined the impact of different application methods of GA₃ on morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of maize seedlings under three salinity stress treatments (no salinity, moderate salinity-6 dS m⁻¹, and severe salinity-12 dS m⁻¹). The GA₃ treatments consisted of control, hydro-priming (HP), water foliar spray (WFS), HP + WFS, seed priming with GA₃ (GA₃P, 100 mg L⁻¹), foliar spray with GA₃ (GA₃FS, 100ppm) and GA₃P + GA₃FS. Salt stress particularly at 12 dS m⁻¹ reduced the length of shoots and roots, fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents, K⁺ ion accumulation and activities of antioxidant enzymes, while enhanced the oxidative damage and accumulation of the Na⁺ ion in maize plants. Nevertheless, the application of GA₃ improved maize growth, reduced oxidative stress, and increased the antioxidant enzymes activities, antioxidant genes expression, and K⁺ ion concentration under salt stress. Compared with control, the GA₃P + GA₃FS recorded the highest increase in roots and shoots length (19–37%), roots fresh and dry weights (31–43%), shoots fresh and dry weights (31–47%), chlorophyll content (21–70%), antioxidant enzymes activities (73.03–150.74%), total soluble protein (13.05%), K⁺ concentration (13–23%) and antioxidants genes expression levels under different salinity levels. This treatment also reduced the H₂O₂ content, and Na⁺ ion concentration. These results indicated that GA₃P + GA₃FS could be used as an effective tool for improving the maize growth and development, and reducing the oxidative stress in salt-contaminated soils.

Keywords: salinity; antioxidants; gibberellic acid; seed priming; ionic balance; gene expression

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shahzad, K.; Hussain, S.; Arfan, M.; Hussain, S.; Waraich, E.A.; Zamir, S.; Saddique, M.; Rauf, A.; Kamal, K.Y.; Hano, C.; et al. Exogenously Applied Gibberellic Acid Enhances Growth and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Maize through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Attributes. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11071005

AMA Style

Shahzad K, Hussain S, Arfan M, Hussain S, Waraich EA, Zamir S, Saddique M, Rauf A, Kamal KY, Hano C, et al. Exogenously Applied Gibberellic Acid Enhances Growth and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Maize through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Attributes. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(7):1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11071005

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahzad, Kashif, Sadam Hussain, Muhammad Arfan, Saddam Hussain, Ejaz Ahmad Waraich, Shahid Zamir, Maham Saddique, Abdur Rauf, Khaled Y. Kamal, Christophe Hano, and et al. 2021. "Exogenously Applied Gibberellic Acid Enhances Growth and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Maize through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Attributes" Biomolecules 11, no. 7: 1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11071005

APA Style

Shahzad, K., Hussain, S., Arfan, M., Hussain, S., Waraich, E. A., Zamir, S., Saddique, M., Rauf, A., Kamal, K. Y., Hano, C., & El-Esawi, M. A. (2021). Exogenously Applied Gibberellic Acid Enhances Growth and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Maize through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Attributes. Biomolecules, 11(7), 1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11071005

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Exogenously Applied Gibberellic Acid Enhances Growth and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Maize through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Attributes

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