Particle Acceleration Driven by Null Electromagnetic Fields Near a Kerr Black Hole
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electromagnetic Fields
Force-Free Electromagnetic Field with Null Current
3. Axially Symmetric Magnetosphere
4. Particle Acceleration
4.1. Model
4.2. Results
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Akiyama, K.; Alberdi, A.; Alef, W.; Asada, K.; Azulay, R.; Baczko, A.K.; Ball, D.; Baloković, M.; Barrett, J.; Bintley, D. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole. Astrophys. J. 2019, 875, L1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blandford, R.D.; Znajek, R.L. Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1977, 179, 433–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michel, F.C. Rotating Magnetospheres: An Exact 3-D Solution. Astrophys. J. 1973, 180, L133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanabe, K.; Nagataki, S. Extended monopole solution of the Blandford-Znajek mechanism: Higher order terms for a Kerr parameter. Phys. Rev. D 2008, 78, 24004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pan, Z.; Yu, C. Fourth-order split monopole perturbation solutions to the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. Phys. Rev. D 2015, 91, 064067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pan, Z.; Yu, C. Analytic Properties of Force-free Jets in the Kerr Spacetime-I. Astrophys. J. 2015, 812, 57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pan, Z.; Yu, C.; Huang, L. Analytic Properties of Force-free Jets in the Kerr Spacetime. III. Uniform Field Solution. Astrophys. J. 2017, 836, 193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grignani, G.; Harmark, T.; Orselli, M. Existence of the Blandford-Znajek monopole for a slowly rotating Kerr black hole. Phys. Rev. D 2018, 98, 084056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Uzdensky, D.A. Force-Free Magnetosphere of an Accretion Disk-Black Hole System. I. Schwarzschild Geometry. Astrophys. J. 2004, 603, 652–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Uzdensky, D.A. Force-Free Magnetosphere of an Accretion Disk-Black Hole System. II. Kerr Geometry. Astrophys. J. 2005, 620, 889–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nathanail, A.; Contopoulos, I. Black Hole Magnetospheres. Astrophys. J. 2014, 788, 186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mahlmann, J.F.; Cerdá-Durán, P.; Aloy, M.A. Numerically solving the relativistic Grad-Shafranov equation in Kerr spacetimes: Numerical techniques. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2018, 477, 3927–3944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Komissarov, S.S. Electrodynamics of black hole magnetospheres. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2004, 350, 427–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Komissarov, S.S. General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of monopole magnetospheres of black holes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2004, 350, 1431–1436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McKinney, J.C. General relativistic force-free electrodynamics: A new code and applications to black hole magnetospheres. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2006, 367, 1797–1807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Palenzuela, C.; Garrett, T.; Lehner, L.; Liebling, S.L. Magnetospheres of black hole systems in force-free plasma. Phys. Rev. D 2010, 82, 044045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paschalidis, V.; Shapiro, S.L. A new scheme for matching general relativistic ideal magnetohydrodynamics to its force-free limit. Phys. Rev. D 2013, 88, 104031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pétri, J. General-relativistic force-free pulsar magnetospheres. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2016, 455, 3779–3805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carrasco, F.L.; Reula, O.A. Novel scheme for simulating the force-free equations: Boundary conditions and the evolution of solutions towards stationarity. Phys. Rev. D 2017, 96, 063006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Etienne, Z.B.; Wan, M.B.; Babiuc, M.C.; McWilliams, S.T.; Choudhary, A. GiRaFFE: An open-source general relativistic force-free electrodynamics code. Class. Quantum Gravity 2017, 34, 215001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brennan, T.D.; Gralla, S.E.; Jacobson, T. Exact solutions to force-free electrodynamics in black hole backgrounds. Class. Quantum Gravity 2013, 30, 195012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gralla, S.E.; Jacobson, T. Spacetime approach to force-free magnetospheres. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2014, 445, 2500–2534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Menon, G.; Dermer, C.D. Analytic Solutions to the Constraint Equation for a Force-free Magnetosphere around a Kerr Black Hole. Astrophys. J. 2005, 635, 1197–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Menon, G.; Dermer, C.D. Jet formation in the magnetospheres of supermassive black holes: Analytic solutions describing energy loss through Blandford-Znajek processes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 417, 1098–1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, H.; Zhang, F. Stability of force-free magnetospheres. Phys. Rev. D 2014, 90, 104022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, H.; Zhang, F.; Lehner, L. Magnetosphere of a Kerr black hole immersed in magnetized plasma and its perturbative mode structure. Phys. Rev. D 2015, 91, 124055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, F.; McWilliams, S.T.; Pfeiffer, H.P. Stability of exact force-free electrodynamic solutions and scattering from spacetime curvature. Phys. Rev. D 2015, 92, 024049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Menon, G. Force-free currents and the Newman-Penrose tetrad of a Kerr black hole: Exact local solutions. Phys. Rev. D 2015, 92, 024054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Menon, G.; Dermer, C. Local, non-geodesic, timelike currents in the force-free magnetosphere of a Kerr black hole. Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 2015, 47, 52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gralla, S.E.; Lupsasca, A.; Strominger, A. Near-horizon Kerr magnetosphere. Phys. Rev. D 2016, 93, 104041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Camilloni, F.; Grignani, G.; Harmark, T.; Oliveri, R.; Orselli, M. Moving away from the near-horizon attractor of the extreme Kerr force-free magnetosphere. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2020, 2020, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- East, W.E.; Yang, H. Magnetosphere of a spinning black hole and the role of the current sheet. Phys. Rev. D 2018, 98, 023008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pan, Z. Magnetosphere structure of a Kerr black hole: Marginally force-free equatorial boundary condition. Phys. Rev. D 2018, 98, 043023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Newman, E.; Penrose, R. An Approach to Gravitational Radiation by a Method of Spin Coefficients. J. Math. Phys. 1962, 3, 566–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thorne, K.S.; Price, R.H.; MacDonald, D.A. Black Holes: The Membrane Paradigm; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Lyutikov, M. Electromagnetic power of merging and collapsing compact objects. Phys. Rev. D 2011, 83, 124035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gunn, J.E.; Ostriker, J.P. Acceleration of High-Energy Cosmic Rays by Pulsars. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1969, 22, 728–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ostriker, J.P.; Gunn, J.E. On the Nature of Pulsars. I. Theory. Astrophys. J. 1969, 157, 1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gunn, J.E.; Ostriker, J.P. On the Motion and Radiation of Charged Particles in Strong Electromagnetic Waves. I. Motion in Plane and Spherical Waves. Astrophys. J. 1971, 165, 523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hillas, A.M. The Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays. Annu. Rev. Astrono. Astrophys. 1984, 22, 425–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parfrey, K.; Philippov, A.; Cerutti, B. First-Principles Plasma Simulations of Black-Hole Jet Launching. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2019, 122, 035101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tursunov, A.; Stuchlík, Z.; Kološ, M.; Dadhich, N.; Ahmedov, B. Supermassive Black Holes as Possible Sources of Ultrahigh-energy Cosmic Rays. Astrophys. J. 2020, 895, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mizuta, A.; Ebisuzaki, T.; Tajima, T.; Nagataki, S. Production of intense episodic Alfvén pulses: GRMHD simulation of black hole accretion discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2018, 479, 2534–2546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kojima, Y.; Kimura, Y. Particle Acceleration Driven by Null Electromagnetic Fields Near a Kerr Black Hole. Universe 2021, 7, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7010001
Kojima Y, Kimura Y. Particle Acceleration Driven by Null Electromagnetic Fields Near a Kerr Black Hole. Universe. 2021; 7(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleKojima, Yasufumi, and Yuto Kimura. 2021. "Particle Acceleration Driven by Null Electromagnetic Fields Near a Kerr Black Hole" Universe 7, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7010001