Towards the Fecal Metabolome Derived from Moderate Red Wine Intake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Red Wine
2.3. Human Intervention Study Design
2.4. Preparation of Fecal Solutions
2.5. Targeted Analysis of Phenolic Metabolites
2.6. Non-Targeted Analysis: Metabolomic Study and Metabolite Identification
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
Compound | Analysis | Effect of Wine Intake (↑, ↓) | |
---|---|---|---|
Targeted | Non-Targeted | ||
Group I: Wine compounds | |||
2-Hydroxyglutaric acid a | + | ↑ | |
2-Methylbutyric acid | + | ↑ | |
2,3-Pentanedione | + | ↑ | |
Diethylmalonate | + | ↑ | |
2-Phenethyl butyrate | + | ↑ | |
2-Phenylethyl hexanoate | + | ↑ | |
Group II: Phenolic metabolites | |||
Benzoic acids | |||
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | + | ↑ | |
Protocatechuic acid | + | ↑ | |
3-O-Methylgallic acid | + | ↑ | |
Vanillic acid | + | ↑ | |
Syringic acid | + | ↑ | |
Benzoic acid b | + | ↑ | |
Phenylacetic acids | |||
3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | + | ↑ | |
Phenylpropionic acids | |||
3-Phenylpropionic acid | + | ↑ | |
3-(3’-Hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid b | + | ↓ | |
Valeric acids | |||
4-Hydroxy-5-(3’-hydroxyphenyl) valeric acid | + | ↑ | |
4-Hydroxy-5-(phenyl) valeric acid | + | + | ↑ |
4-Hydroxy-5-(3’,4’-dihydroxyphenyl) valeric acid | + | ↑ | |
Valerolactones | |||
5-(3’,4’-Dihydroxyphenyl)- γ-valerolactone | + | ↑ | |
5-(3’-Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone | + | ↑ | |
Group III: Endogenous metabolites | |||
Xanthine b | + | ↓ | |
Tricarballylic acid | + | ↓ | |
Glutaric acid b | + | ↑ | |
Urobilinogen b | + | ↑ | |
Stercobilin b | + | ↑ | |
Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester | + | ↑ | |
Deoxycholic acid | + | ↑ | |
Sulfolithocholic acid | + | ↓ | |
Cholesterol sulfate | + | ↑ |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jiménez-Girón, A.; Muñoz-González, I.; Martínlvarez, P.J.; Moreno-Arribas, M.V.; Bartolomé, B. Towards the Fecal Metabolome Derived from Moderate Red Wine Intake. Metabolites 2014, 4, 1101-1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo4041101
Jiménez-Girón A, Muñoz-González I, Martínlvarez PJ, Moreno-Arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Towards the Fecal Metabolome Derived from Moderate Red Wine Intake. Metabolites. 2014; 4(4):1101-1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo4041101
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez-Girón, Ana, Irene Muñoz-González, Pedro J. Martínlvarez, María Victoria Moreno-Arribas, and Begoña Bartolomé. 2014. "Towards the Fecal Metabolome Derived from Moderate Red Wine Intake" Metabolites 4, no. 4: 1101-1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo4041101