Overweight or Obesity Rate and Risk Factors in First-Episode and Drug-Naïve Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with Comorbid Abnormal Lipid Metabolism: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Socio-Demographic Information Collection
2.3. Serum Assays
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Rate of Overweight and Obesity in MDD Patients with Comorbid ALM
3.2. Demographic and Clinical Variables in Overweight and Obesity in MDD Patients with Comorbid ALM
4. Discussion
5. Limitation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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With ALM (n = 1393) | Without ALM (n = 325) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, year, mean ± SD a | 35.2 (12.5) | 33.5 (11.9) | 0.028 |
Age of onset, year, mean ± SD a | 35 (12.4) | 33.3 (11.9) | 0.031 |
Duration of illness, year, mean ± SD a | 6.5 (4.11) | 5 (4.8) | 0.002 |
Sex, n (%) c | 0.255 | ||
Male | 468 (33.6) | 120 (36.9) | |
Female | 925 (66.4) | 205 (63.1) | |
Education, n (%) c | 0.717 | ||
Junior high school | 342 (24.6) | 71 (21.8) | |
Senior high school | 615 (44.1) | 145 (44.6) | |
College | 358 (25.7) | 91 (28) | |
Postgraduate | 78 (5.6) | 18 (5.5) | |
Marry status, n (%) c | 999 (71.7) | 217 (66.8) | 0.077 |
BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD a | 24.4 (2) | 24.1 (1.7) | 0.002 |
BMI grouping, n (%) c | 0.034 | ||
Normal | 541 (38.8) | 151 (46.5) | |
Overweight | 797 (57.2) | 165 (50.8) | |
Obesity | 55 (3.9) | 9 (2.8) | |
HAMD, mean ± SD a | 30.7 (2.8) | 28.5 (2.7) | <0.001 |
HAMA, mean ± SD a | 21(3.5) | 19.7 (3.3) | <0.001 |
PANSS, median [IQR] b | 7 (7.9) | 7 (7.7) | <0.001 |
Normal (n = 541) | Overweight (n = 797) | Obesity (n = 55) | p-Value | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal vs. Overweight | Normal vs. Obesity | Overweight vs. Obesity | |||||
Age, year, median [IQR] b | 32 (21, 45) | 36 (25, 46) | 33 (26, 43) | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.997 | 0.349 |
Duration of illness, year, median [IQR] b | 5 (3, 8) | 6 (3, 8.5) | 5 (3, 9) | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.705 | 0.822 |
Age of onset, year, median [IQR] b | 32 (21, 45) | 36 (25, 46) | 32 (26, 42) | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.998 | 0.343 |
Sex, n (%) c | 0.165 | 0.989 | 0.066 | 0.062 | |||
Male | 179 (33.1) | 264 (33.1) | 25 (45.5) | ||||
Female | 362 (66.9) | 533 (66.9) | 30 (54.5) | ||||
Education, n (%) c | 0.337 | 0.476 | 0.405 | 0.151 | |||
Junior high school | 125 (23.1) | 205 (25.7) | 12 (21.8) | ||||
Senior high school | 239 (44.2) | 357 (44.8) | 19 (34.5) | ||||
College | 143 (26.4) | 196 (24.6) | 19 (34.5) | ||||
Postgraduate | 34 (6.3) | 39 (4.9) | 5 (9.1) | ||||
Marry status, n (%) c | 365 (67.5) | 592 (74.3) | 42 (76.4) | 0.019 | 0.007 | 0.177 | 0.732 |
BMI, kg/m2, median [IQR] b | 23.1 (22.1, 23.5) | 25.4 (24.5, 26.2) | 28.3 (28.1, 28.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
HAMD, mean ± SD a | 30.7 (2.9) | 30.7 (2.8) | 31.4 (2.4) | 0.255 | 0.98 | 0.107 | 0.104 |
HAMA, mean ± SD a | 21 (3.2) | 21 (3.6) | 21.2 (3.4) | 0.975 | 0.967 | 0.837 | 0.822 |
PANSS, median [IQR] b | 7 (7, 8) | 7 (7, 9) | 7 (7, 10) | 0.436 | 0.608 | 0.2 | 0.285 |
CGI, median [IQR] b | 6 (5, 7) | 6 (5, 7) | 6 (6, 7) | 0.479 | 0.651 | 0.228 | 0.3 |
A-TG, IU/Ml, median [IQR] b | 22.3 (15.1, 49.8) | 21.7 (14.4, 49) | 22.2 (14.5, 52.5) | 0.327 | 0.135 | 0.715 | 0.814 |
A-TPO, IU/Ml, median [IQR] b | 18.9 (12.7, 35.9) | 16.7 (12, 36.2) | 17.6 (12.2, 32.7) | 0.118 | 0.399 | 0.605 | 0.769 |
TSH, mIU/L, mean ± SD a | 4.9 (2.7) | 5.7 (2.4) | 6.4 (1.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.063 |
FT3, pmol/L, mean ± SD a | 4.9 (0.7) | 4.9 (0.7) | 4.9 (0.7) | 0.454 | 0.241 | 0.87 | 0.526 |
FT4, pmol/L, median [IQR] b | 16.4 (14.5, 18.8) | 16.5 (14.5, 18.6) | 17.6 (14.2, 19.5) | 0.154 | 0.648 | 0.085 | 0.053 |
Blood glucose, mean ± SD a | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.5 (0.6) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.109 | 0.882 |
TC, mmol/L, mean ± SD a | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.8 (0.8) | 0.023 | 0.369 | 0.006 | 0.015 |
LDL-C, mmol/L, mean ± SD a | 3.1 (0.9) | 3.1 (0.9) | 3.5 (1.1) | 0.005 | 0.857 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L, median [IQR] b | 1.23 (0.98, 1.44) | 1.21 (0.95, 1.37) | 1.22 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.049 | 0.015 | 0.827 | 0.926 |
TG, mmol/L, median [IQR] b | 2.2 (1.6, 2.9) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.9) | 2.3 (1.4, 2.9) | 0.54 | 0.265 | 0.761 | 0.971 |
SBP, mmHg, mean ± SD a | 118.5 (11.4) | 121.4 (10.4) | 123.4 (8.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.169 |
DBP, mmHg, mean ± SD a | 75.7 (7) | 76.7 (6.7) | 76.7 (6.4) | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.272 | 0.992 |
Suicide attempt, n (%) c | 124 (22.9) | 164 (20.6) | 14 (25.5) | 0.467 | 0.306 | 0.671 | 0.389 |
Anxiety, n (%) c | 55 (10.2) | 116 (14.6) | 9 (16.4) | 0.047 | 0.018 | 0.157 | 0.714 |
Exhibiting psychotic symptoms, n (%) c | 54 (10.0) | 96 (12) | 8 (14.5) | 0.377 | 0.24 | 0.291 | 0.584 |
Variable | Unadjusted Model | Model Ⅰ | Model Ⅱ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Duration of illness | 1.007 (0.983–1.032) | 0.573 | 1.007 (0.982–1.032) | 0.611 | 1.006 (0.981–1.031) | 0.667 |
TSH | 1.156 (1.083–1.233) | <0.001 | 1.157 (1.083–1.236) | <0.001 | 1.158 (1.081–1.24) | <0.001 |
Blood glucose | 1.121 (0.923–1.361) | 0.249 | 1.124 (0.926–1.365) | 0.238 | 1.125 (0.927–1.367) | 0.233 |
TC | 0.879 (0.767–1.008) | 0.064 | 0.879 (0.767–1.008) | 0.064 | 0.878 (0.766–1.007) | 0.062 |
HDL-C | 0.942 (0.633–1.401) | 0.768 | 0.941 (0.632–1.399) | 0.763 | 0.949 (0.638–1.413) | 0.798 |
LDL-C | 0.905 (0.77–1.052) | 0.193 | 0.905 (0.78–1.052) | 0.194 | 0.905 (0.779–1.051) | 0.191 |
SBP | 1.009 (0.995–1.022) | 0.21 | 1.008 (0.993–1.023) | 0.292 | 1.008 (0.993–1.023) | 0.299 |
Married | 1.269 (0.964–1.672) | 0.09 | 1.262 (0.913–1.746) | 0.159 | 1.25 (0.903–1.731) | 0.179 |
TSH Level (mIU/L) | Unadjusted Model | Model Ⅰ | Model Ⅱ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p Value | OR (95%CI) | p Value | OR (95%CI) | p Value | |
<4.5 | Reference | |||||
≥4.5 | 2.332 (1.862–2.921) | <0.001 | 2.213 (1.76–2.783) | <0.001 | 2.176 (1.726–2.743) | <0.001 |
<2.1 | Reference | |||||
2.1–3.55 | 3.951 (2.721–5.736) | <0.001 | 3.913 (2.693–5.687) | <0.001 | 3.845 (2.635–5.612) | <0.001 |
3.56–4.49 | 2.981 (1.854–4.794) | <0.001 | 3.042 (1.888–4.899) | <0.001 | 2.958 (1.825–4.792) | <0.001 |
≥4.5 | 1.59 (1.025–2.469) | 0.039 | 1.598 (1.028–2.484) | 0.037 | 1.596 (1.027–2.482) | 0.038 |
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Huang, X.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, X. Overweight or Obesity Rate and Risk Factors in First-Episode and Drug-Naïve Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with Comorbid Abnormal Lipid Metabolism: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study. Metabolites 2024, 14, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14010026
Huang X, Sun Y, Zhang X. Overweight or Obesity Rate and Risk Factors in First-Episode and Drug-Naïve Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with Comorbid Abnormal Lipid Metabolism: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study. Metabolites. 2024; 14(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14010026
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Xiao, Yuan Sun, and Xiangyang Zhang. 2024. "Overweight or Obesity Rate and Risk Factors in First-Episode and Drug-Naïve Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with Comorbid Abnormal Lipid Metabolism: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study" Metabolites 14, no. 1: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14010026
APA StyleHuang, X., Sun, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024). Overweight or Obesity Rate and Risk Factors in First-Episode and Drug-Naïve Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with Comorbid Abnormal Lipid Metabolism: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study. Metabolites, 14(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14010026