Regulation Mechanism of Plant Pigments Biosynthesis: Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Betalains
Abstract
:1. Anthocyanins
2. Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins
3. Transcriptional Regulation of the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis
4. Developmental Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis
5. Light and Temperature Regulation Anthocyanin Biosynthesis
6. Carotenoids
7. Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway
8. Transcriptional Regulation of the Carotenoid Biosynthesis
9. Others Cues That Regulate Carotenoid Biosynthesis
10. Betalains
11. Betalain Biosynthesis Pathway
12. Transcriptional Regulation of the Betalain Biosynthesis
13. How to Interpret Mutual Exclusion of Betalains and Anthocyanins?
14. Metabolic Engineering of Pigment Content in Plants or Microbes
15. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
- Anthocyanins and carotenoids are regulated by MBW complexes but betalains are not regulated by MBW complexes. MYB (BvMYB1) does not interact with bHLH. Is this mechanism universal or special in the betalain pathway?
- Does BvMYB1 interact with an unknown bHLH protein?
- BvMYB1, AtPAP1, and AtMYB114 all belong to the subgroup 6 clade but BvMYB1 does not regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. Does this result indicate a specific selection for evolution?
- WP1 associates with MtTT8, and MtWD40-1 regulates both carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, RCP1 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis and decreases anthocyanin production. How should this result be interpreted?
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Long, T.; Wang, S.; Yang, J. Regulation Mechanism of Plant Pigments Biosynthesis: Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Betalains. Metabolites 2022, 12, 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090871
Zhao X, Zhang Y, Long T, Wang S, Yang J. Regulation Mechanism of Plant Pigments Biosynthesis: Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Betalains. Metabolites. 2022; 12(9):871. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090871
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Xuecheng, Yueran Zhang, Tuan Long, Shouchuang Wang, and Jun Yang. 2022. "Regulation Mechanism of Plant Pigments Biosynthesis: Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Betalains" Metabolites 12, no. 9: 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090871
APA StyleZhao, X., Zhang, Y., Long, T., Wang, S., & Yang, J. (2022). Regulation Mechanism of Plant Pigments Biosynthesis: Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Betalains. Metabolites, 12(9), 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090871