Relationship between Occupational Metal Exposure and Hypertension Risk Based on Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Determination of Blood Pressure
2.3. Metal Concentration in the Air
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Heavy Metal Exposure Levels and the Risk of Hypertension
3.3. Multivariate Analysis and Hypertension
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Non-Hypertensive (n = 138) | Hypertensive (n = 138) | Total | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.4 ± 7.84 | 46.7 ± 7.31 | 46.6 ± 7.57 | 0.703 |
Education (n, %) | 0.727 | |||
Primary school or lower | 2 (1.4) | 0 | 2 (0.7) | |
Middle school | 33 (23.9) | 32 (23.2) | 65 (23.6) | |
High school | 71 (51.4) | 74 (53.6) | 145 (52.5) | |
Junior college or higher | 32 (23.2) | 32 (23.2) | 64 (23.2) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.30 | 26.5 ± 4.00 | 25.6 ± 3.78 | <0.001 |
BMI grouping (n, %) | 0.003 | |||
<18.5 kg/m2 | 7 (5.1) | 0 | 7 (2.5) | |
18.5–25 kg/m2 | 66(47.8) | 55(39.9) | 121 (43.8) | |
>25 kg/m2 | 65 (47.1) | 83 (60.1) | 148 (53.6) | |
Smoking status (n, %) | 0.765 | |||
Never | 43 (31.2) | 45 (32.6) | 88 (31.9) | |
Current | 91 (65.9) | 87 (63) | 178 (64.5) | |
Past | 4 (2.9) | 6 (4.3) | 10 (3.6) | |
Alcoholic intake status (n, %) | 0.141 | |||
Never | 92 (66.7) | 76 (55.1) | 168 (60.9) | |
Current | 44 (31.9) | 59 (42.8) | 103 (37.3) | |
Past | 2 (1.4) | 3 (2.2) | 5 (1.8) | |
Exercise (n, %) | 0.66 | |||
No | 110 (79.7) | 107 (77.5) | 217 (78.6) | |
Yes | 28 (20.3) | 31 (22.5) | 59 (21.4) |
Mean | Min | Max | PC-TWA (8 h/40 h) | PC-TWA (72 h) | PC-TWA (91 h) | Risk Level | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | |||||||
Non-welder in manufacturing workshop | 0.000603 | 0.00031 | 0.001075 | 0.05 | 0.02085 | 0.0132 | 1 |
Welder in manufacturing workshop | 0.014135 | 0.002283 | 0.021583 | 0.05 | 0.02085 | 0.0132 | 3 |
Non-welder in repair workshop | 0.007699 | 0.005342 | 0.010055 | 0.05 | 0.02085 | 0.0132 | 2 |
Welder in repair workshop | 0.019987 | 0.00578 | 0.034193 | 0.05 | 0.02085 | 0.0132 | 3 |
Fe | |||||||
Non-welder in manufacturing workshop | 0.091064 | 0.057313 | 0.154414 | 0.25 | 0.10425 | 0.066 | 2 |
Welder in manufacturing workshop | 2.158942 | 0.443535 | 3.18455 | 0.25 | 0.10425 | 0.066 | 4 |
Non-welder in repair workshop | 1.262596 | 0.871609 | 1.653583 | 0.25 | 0.10425 | 0.066 | 4 |
Welder in repair workshop | 3.792913 | 1.305619 | 1.305619 | 0.25 | 0.10425 | 0.066 | 4 |
Mn | |||||||
Non-welder in manufacturing workshop | 0.010721 | 0.004992 | 0.019362 | 0.15 | 0.06255 | 0.0396 | 1 |
Welder in manufacturing workshop | 0.282111 | 0.039982 | 0.453504 | 0.15 | 0.06255 | 0.0396 | 4 |
Non-welder in repair workshop | 0.124932 | 0.094887 | 0.154976 | 0.15 | 0.06255 | 0.0396 | 3 |
Welder in repair workshop | 0.34695 | 0.092056 | 0.601845 | 0.15 | 0.06255 | 0.0396 | 4 |
Ni | |||||||
Non-welder in manufacturing workshop | 0.000299 | 0.00017 | 0.000542 | 1 | 0.417 | 0.264 | 0 |
Welder inmanufacturing workshop | 0.006827 | 0.002015 | 0.009531 | 1 | 0.417 | 0.264 | 0 |
Non-welder in repair workshop | 0.004897 | 0.004321 | 0.005474 | 1 | 0.417 | 0.264 | 0 |
Welder in repair workshop | 0.011883 | 0.007891 | 0.015875 | 1 | 0.417 | 0.264 | 1 |
Risk Level | Non-Hypertensive(n = 138) | Hypertensive(n = 138) | Total | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
1 | 80 (58) | 50 (36.2) | 130 (47.1) | |
2 | 42 (30.4) | 34 (24.6) | 76 (27.5) | |
3 | 16 (11.6) | 54 (39.1) | 70 (25.4) | |
Fe (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
2 | 80 (58) | 50 (36.2) | 130 (47.1) | |
4 | 58 (42) | 88 (63.8) | 146 (52.9) | |
Mn (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
1 | 80 (58) | 50 (36.2) | 130 (47.1) | |
3 | 42 (30.4) | 34 (24.6) | 76 (27.5) | |
4 | 16 (11.6) | 54 (39.1) | 70 (25.4) | |
Ni (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
0 | 135 (97.8) | 119 (86.2) | 254 (92) | |
1 | 3 (2.2) | 19 (13.8) | 22 (8) |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Age | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.350 |
BMI | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 0.005 |
Smoking | 0.886 | |
Smoking(1) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) | 0.839 |
Smoking(2) | 1.19 (0.48, 2.94) | 0.701 |
Drinking | 0.439 | |
Drinking(1) | 1.26 (0.88, 1.80) | 0.201 |
Drinking(2) | 1.05 (0.30, 3.61) | 0.942 |
Cr | 0.019 | |
Cr(1) | 1.15 (0.74, 1.79) | 0.527 |
Cr(2) | 1.85 (1.20, 2.86) | 0.006 |
Ni | 1.20 (0.67, 2.14) | 0.550 |
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Qian, H.; Li, G.; Luo, Y.; Fu, X.; Wan, S.; Mao, X.; Yin, W.; Min, Z.; Jiang, J.; Yi, G.; et al. Relationship between Occupational Metal Exposure and Hypertension Risk Based on Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis. Metabolites 2022, 12, 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121259
Qian H, Li G, Luo Y, Fu X, Wan S, Mao X, Yin W, Min Z, Jiang J, Yi G, et al. Relationship between Occupational Metal Exposure and Hypertension Risk Based on Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis. Metabolites. 2022; 12(12):1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121259
Chicago/Turabian StyleQian, Huiling, Guangming Li, Yongbin Luo, Xiaolei Fu, Siyu Wan, Xiaoli Mao, Wenjun Yin, Zhiteng Min, Jinfeng Jiang, Guilin Yi, and et al. 2022. "Relationship between Occupational Metal Exposure and Hypertension Risk Based on Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis" Metabolites 12, no. 12: 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121259