Drought-Induced Xylem Sulfate Activates the ABA-Mediated Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation and Glutathione Redox in Brassica napus Leaves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Growth and Treatments
2.2. Measurement of Leaf Water Potential
2.3. Collection of Xylem and Phloem
2.4. Measurement of H2O2 Concentration
2.5. Determination of ABA Concentration
2.6. Sulfate and Cys Concentration
2.7. Measurement of GSH/GSSG
2.8. Measurement of NADPH/NADP+
2.9. Measurements of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
2.10. RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Leaf Water Potential, H2O2 Concentration and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
3.2. ABA and Sulfate Concentrations in Leaves, Roots, and Xylem
3.3. Cys and GSH Concentration, and the Expression of Sulfate Assimilation-Related Genes
3.4. Redox Status under Drought Stress
3.5. Correlation of Sulfate or ABA with Physiological Parameters Influenced by Drought Stress
4. Discussion
4.1. Drought Intensity-Responsive H2O2 Accumulation and Antioxidative Enzymatic Activity
4.2. Drought Intensity-Responsive Changes in Sulfate, ABA Allocation, and S-Assimilates in Leaves
4.3. Sulfate and/or ABA Roles in Regulating Sulfate Assimilation
4.4. Interactions between Sulfate and ABA in GSH-Based Redox Control
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physiological Parameters | Days after Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
/Treatment | 0 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 14 |
Leaf water potential (Ψw, MPa) | |||||
Control | −0.39 | −0.42 | −0.45 | −0.54 | −0.53 |
Drought | −0.39 | −0.49 | −0.57 * | −1.12 ** | −1.34 *** |
H2O2 concentration (nmol g−1 FW) | |||||
Control | 2.97 | 3.06 | 3.16 | 3.08 | 3.47 |
Drought | 2.97 | 3.54 | 3.85 | 7.86 *** | 8.67 *** |
Leaf biomass (Dry matter, g plant−1) | |||||
Control | 8.23 | 8.56 | 10.89 | 14.07 | 16.48 |
Drought | 8.23 | 8.47 | 8.92 ** | 9.49 *** | 9.46 *** |
Root biomass (Dry matter, g plant−1) | |||||
Control | 5.86 | 5.09 | 6.28 | 7.14 | 8.16 |
Drought | 5.86 | 5.35 | 6.05 | 6.64 | 7.23 |
GSH | GSSG | GSH/GSSG | NADPH | NADP+ | NADPH/NADP+ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Treatment | (nmol g−1 FW) | (nmol g−1 FW) | Ratio | (nmol g−1 FW) | (nmol g−1 FW) | Ratio |
0 | Control | 582 ± 35 | 44.3 ± 3.7 | 13.2 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 0.53 ± 0.04 |
Drought | 582 ± 35 | 44.3 ± 3.7 | 13.2 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 0.53 ± 0.04 | |
2 | Control | 560 ± 46 | 45.5 ± 5.7 | 12.4 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 0.53 ± 0.04 |
Drought | 697 ± 37 * | 50.4 ± 4.3 | 13.9 ± 0.5 * | 5.0 ± 0.4 * | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 0.73 ± 0.09 * | |
4 | Control | 620 ± 58 | 48.1 ± 4.6 | 12.9 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 0.51 ± 0.07 |
Drought | 741 ± 42 * | 63.3 ± 5.2 * | 11.7 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.3 ** | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | |
10 | Control | 575 ± 30 | 51.2 ± 4.8 | 11.3 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 0.65 ± 0.11 |
Drought | 392 ± 28 ** | 78.2 ± 5.9 ** | 5.1 ± 0.7 *** | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 9.2 ± 0.8 ** | 0.33 ± 0.02 ** | |
14 | Control | 606 ± 48 | 51.8 ± 4.9 | 11.7 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 0.73 ± 0.08 |
Drought | 363 ± 33 ** | 81.4 ± 6.2 ** | 4.5 ± 0.6 *** | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 10.3 ± 0.7 *** | 0.37 ± 0.04 ** |
Xylem | Leaves | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ψw | Sulfate | ABA | Sulfate | ABA | H2O2 | GR | GPOX | OASTL | GSH1 | Cys | GSH | GSH/ GSSG | NADPH | NADPH/ NADP+ | |
Ψw | - | 0.922 *** | −0.915 *** | 0.866 *** | −0.972 *** | −0.965 *** | 0.372 | −0.966 *** | −0.974 *** | 0.616 ** | −0.830 *** | 0.845 *** | 0.958 *** | 0.358 | 0.789 *** |
Sulfate in xylem | - | - | 0.963 *** | −0.847 *** | 0.978 *** | 0.959 *** | −0.405 | 0.975 *** | 0.949 *** | −0.607 ** | 0.86 3 *** | −0.880 *** | −0.974 *** | −0.467 * | −0.826 *** |
ABA in xylem | - | - | - | −0.821 *** | 0.945 *** | 0.929 *** | −0.234 | 0.955 *** | 0.934 *** | −0.461 * | 0.855 *** | −0.771 *** | −0.952 *** | −0.349 | −0.765 *** |
Sulfate in leaves | - | - | - | - | −0.837 *** | −0.874 *** | 0.509 * | −0.857 *** | −0.898 *** | 0.538 * | −0.694 *** | 0.769 *** | 0.864 *** | 0.358 | 0.708 *** |
ABA in leaves | - | - | - | - | - | 0.971 *** | −0.389 | 0.983 *** | 0.960 *** | −0.635 ** | 0.868 *** | −0.887 *** | −0.976 *** | −0.426 | −0.816 *** |
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Lee, B.-R.; Park, S.-H.; La, V.H.; Bae, D.-W.; Kim, T.-H. Drought-Induced Xylem Sulfate Activates the ABA-Mediated Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation and Glutathione Redox in Brassica napus Leaves. Metabolites 2022, 12, 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121190
Lee B-R, Park S-H, La VH, Bae D-W, Kim T-H. Drought-Induced Xylem Sulfate Activates the ABA-Mediated Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation and Glutathione Redox in Brassica napus Leaves. Metabolites. 2022; 12(12):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121190
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Bok-Rye, Sang-Hyun Park, Van Hien La, Dong-Won Bae, and Tae-Hwan Kim. 2022. "Drought-Induced Xylem Sulfate Activates the ABA-Mediated Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation and Glutathione Redox in Brassica napus Leaves" Metabolites 12, no. 12: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121190