The Chemistry of Stress: Understanding the ‘Cry for Help’ of Plant Roots
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Root Exudate Chemistry of Plants Exposed to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
3. Chemistry of Microbial Recruitment by Roots of Plants under Siege
4. Chemistry of “Volatile Affairs” on Plant Roots
5. Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stress Type | Plant Species | Type of Exudation | Role of Exudate in Plant Defence | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biotic stress | ||||
Fusarium graminearum | Barley (Hordeum vulgare) | t-Cinnamic acid (water-soluble) | Direct via antifungal activity | [55] |
Pythium ultimum | Sweet Basil (Ocimum bacilicum) | Rosamarinic acid (water-soluble) | Direct via antifungal activity | [56] |
Fusarium verticillioides; Diabrotica balteata | Maize (Zea mays) | Terpenoids; zealexins, kauralexins | Direct via antifungal activity and suppression of herbivory growth | [37] |
Bradysia spp. | Arabidopsis thaliana | Rhizathalene (semi volatile) | Direct via suppression of herbivory growth | [38] |
Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato | Arabidopsis thaliana | L-Malic acid (water-soluble) | Indirect via recruitment of Bacillus subtilis F017 | [44] |
Pythium ultimum | Barley (Hordeum vulgare var. Barke) | Phenolic compounds (water-soluble) | Indirect via activation of phlA genes (required for antifungal production) of Pseudomonas fluorescens | [57] |
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum | Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) | Tryptophan (water- soluble) | Indirect via increased colonization of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens SQR9 | [47] |
Fusarium culmorum | Carex (Carex arenaria) | Monoterpene (Z)- limonene-oxide (volatile organic compound) | Indirect via attraction of Janthinoacterium, Collimonas, and Paenibacillus showing antifungal activities | [58] |
Fusarium oxysporum | Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Hildares | Benzonitrile, benzothiazole, dimethyl trisulfide, formic acid and a terpene-like compound (volatile organic compounds) | Direct via antifungal activities; indirect via attraction of Bacillus spp. | [59] |
Cassava (Manihot esculenta), neighboring plants | Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) | Ethylene (volatile organic compounds) | Indirect via increase the abundance of an Actinobaterial species (Catenulispora) able to enhance seed production | [60] |
Abiotic stress | ||||
P starvation | White Lupine (Lupinus albus | Carboxylate (water- soluble) | Direct via phosphate solubilization | [31] |
P starvation | Soybean (Glycine max) | Malate (water- soluble) | Direct via phosphate solubilization | [25] |
Drought | Soybean (Glycine max) | Proline; pinitol (water-soluble) | Direct via active osmoregulation | [33] |
Aluminium toxicity | Maize (Zea mays; soybean (Glycine max) | Citrate | Direct via metal chelation limiting Al uptake | [26] |
Iron deficiency | Red clover (Trifolium pratense) | Phenolic compounds | Indirect via recruitment of bacterial community able to produce siderophore in the rhizosphere | [52] |
Iron deficency | Arabidopsis thaliana | Coumarin scopoletin | Indirect via recruitment of several bacterial genera having plant growth promoting properties | [53] |
Salinity stress | Halophyte (Limonum sinense) | 2-Methylbutyric acid and palmitic acid | Indirect via recruitment of Bacillus flexus KLBPM 491 able to enhance plant growth under salinity stress | [54] |
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Rizaludin, M.S.; Stopnisek, N.; Raaijmakers, J.M.; Garbeva, P. The Chemistry of Stress: Understanding the ‘Cry for Help’ of Plant Roots. Metabolites 2021, 11, 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060357
Rizaludin MS, Stopnisek N, Raaijmakers JM, Garbeva P. The Chemistry of Stress: Understanding the ‘Cry for Help’ of Plant Roots. Metabolites. 2021; 11(6):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060357
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizaludin, Muhammad Syamsu, Nejc Stopnisek, Jos M. Raaijmakers, and Paolina Garbeva. 2021. "The Chemistry of Stress: Understanding the ‘Cry for Help’ of Plant Roots" Metabolites 11, no. 6: 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060357