Metabolomic Changes in Naturally MAP-Infected Holstein–Friesian Heifers Indicate Immunologically Related Biochemical Reprogramming
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
3.1. Early Changes in Bioenergetic Pathways Suggest Shifts towards Immunomodulatory Pathways
3.2. Differential Processing of Eicosanoids Are Features of Subclinically MAP-Infected Cattle
3.3. Key Metabolites Suggest Uraemic Changes That May Be Indicative of Th1–Th2 Switches
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Samples
4.2. Antibody Tests
Antigen. | Antigen Description (Uniprot for Recombinants) | |
---|---|---|
MAP_0210c | Ag1del1 | PirG; P36 or erp (Exported Repeated Protein) |
MAP_0211 | - | Glf; UDP-galactopyranose mutase activity |
MAP_0946 | - | Uncharacterized protein; DNA binding |
MAP_1272 | - | NLPC_P60 domain-containing protein; integral membrane protein |
MAP_1693c | - | Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase |
MAP_1889c | Antigen 84 | Wag31; Cell wall synthesis protein |
MAP_2609 | Ag 7 | Uncharacterized protein; heme binding |
MAP_2821 | - | Endoribonuclease L-PSP |
MAP_2942c | Ag2, mpt53 | Mpt53; oxidoreductase activity |
TOP4 | TOP4 | Mix of MAP_0210c, MAP_1272, MAP_1693c and MAP_2609 |
- | ID-Vet | Commercially available absorbed ELISA (ID-Vet): ID Screen® Paratuberculosis Indirect |
- | Pourquier | Commercially available absorbed ELISA (Pourquier): IDEXX® Pourquier Paratuberculosis ELISA Antibody |
4.3. Untargeted Metabolite Fingerprinting by Flow Infusion Electrospray Ionization-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (FIE–HRMS)
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | Naturally Infected | Class Error | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 52 | 1 | 0.0189 |
Naturally Infected | 0 | 60 | 0.0000 |
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Taylor, E.N.; Beckmann, M.; Villarreal-Ramos, B.; Vordermeier, H.-M.; Hewinson, G.; Rooke, D.; Mur, L.A.J.; Koets, A.P. Metabolomic Changes in Naturally MAP-Infected Holstein–Friesian Heifers Indicate Immunologically Related Biochemical Reprogramming. Metabolites 2021, 11, 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110727
Taylor EN, Beckmann M, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier H-M, Hewinson G, Rooke D, Mur LAJ, Koets AP. Metabolomic Changes in Naturally MAP-Infected Holstein–Friesian Heifers Indicate Immunologically Related Biochemical Reprogramming. Metabolites. 2021; 11(11):727. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110727
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaylor, Emma N., Manfred Beckmann, Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos, Hans-Martin Vordermeier, Glyn Hewinson, David Rooke, Luis A. J. Mur, and Ad P. Koets. 2021. "Metabolomic Changes in Naturally MAP-Infected Holstein–Friesian Heifers Indicate Immunologically Related Biochemical Reprogramming" Metabolites 11, no. 11: 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110727