Abiotic and Biotic Damage of Microalgae Generate Different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for Early Diagnosis of Algal Cultures for Biofuel Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Monitoring Algal Concentration during Rotifer-Grazing and Freeze–Thaw Experiments
2.1.1. Rotifer-Grazing Experiments
2.1.2. Freeze–Thaw Experiments
2.2. Monitoring VOC Emissions during Rotifer-Grazing and Freeze–Thaw Experiments
2.2.1. Rotifer-Grazing Experiments
2.2.2. Freeze–Thaw Experiments
2.2.3. Comparison of Algae Crop Damage Mechanisms
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Microalgae and Rotifer Cultures
4.2. Freeze–Thaw Algal Experiments
4.3. Daily Timepoints to Monitor Viability of Algal Cultures for A + R and FTA Experiments
4.4. SPME Headspace Sampling and GC-MS Data Acquisition
4.5. Volatilomics Analysis and Requirements for Defining a ‘Biomarker’ for This Work
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Base Peak m/z | Tentative Compound Class | NIST14 ID | NIST% Match | Experimental RI | Theoretical RI | A+R Expt 1 | A+R Expt 2 | A+R Expt 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
48 h | 72 h | 96 h | 48 h | 72 h | 96 h | 72 h | 96 h | 120 h | |||||||
R1 | 137 | Ketone | β-cyclocitral | 83 | 1208 | 1220 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
R2 | 148 | unknown | 1402 | X | X | ||||||||||
R3 | 121 | Ketone | 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-butanone | 75 | 1443 | 1433 | X | X | X | ||||||
R4 | 177 | Ketone | β-ionone | 80 | 1494 | 1486 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
R5 | 57 | Alkene | 1-pentadecene | 71 | 1499 | 1492 | X | X | X | X | |||||
R6 | 83 | Alkene | 1-heptadecene | 78 | 1662 | 1687 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Compound | Base Peak m/z | Tentative Compound Class | NIST14 ID | NIST% Match | Experimental RI | Theoretical RI | FTA Expt 1 | FTA Expt 2 | FTA Expt 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | 1 h | 6 h | 24 h | 48 h | 1 h | 6 h | 24 h | 48 h | |||||||
F1 | 193 | 834 | X | X | ||||||||||||
F2 | 119 | 1177 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
F3 | 57 | 1265 | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
F4 | 79 | 1288 | X | X | X | |||||||||||
F5 | 81 | 1294 | X | X | X | |||||||||||
F6 | 85 | 1381 | X | X | X | |||||||||||
F7 | 177 | Ketone | β-ionone | 93 | 1495 | 1486 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
F8 | 123 | 1498 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
F9 | 55 | Carboxylic acid | Palmitoleic acid | 80 | 1954 | 1951 | X | X | X | |||||||
F10 | 149 | 2821 | X | X |
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Reese, K.L.; Fisher, C.L.; Lane, P.D.; Jaryenneh, J.D.; Jones, A.D.; Frank, M.; Lane, T.W. Abiotic and Biotic Damage of Microalgae Generate Different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for Early Diagnosis of Algal Cultures for Biofuel Production. Metabolites 2021, 11, 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100707
Reese KL, Fisher CL, Lane PD, Jaryenneh JD, Jones AD, Frank M, Lane TW. Abiotic and Biotic Damage of Microalgae Generate Different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for Early Diagnosis of Algal Cultures for Biofuel Production. Metabolites. 2021; 11(10):707. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100707
Chicago/Turabian StyleReese, Kristen L., Carolyn L. Fisher, Pamela D. Lane, James D. Jaryenneh, A. Daniel Jones, Matthias Frank, and Todd W. Lane. 2021. "Abiotic and Biotic Damage of Microalgae Generate Different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for Early Diagnosis of Algal Cultures for Biofuel Production" Metabolites 11, no. 10: 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100707