Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Physicochemical Properties
2.2. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil
2.3. Antioxidant Activity and Total Polyphenols Content
2.4. Antibacterial Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Preparation of O. vulgare Essential Oil
3.2. Chemicals
3.3. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis
3.4. Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics
3.5. Determination of Total Phenols (Folin-Ciocalteu)
3.6. Antioxidant Activity Assays
3.6.1. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
3.6.2. Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH)
3.6.3. ABTS Method
3.7. Antibacterial Activity
3.7.1. Strain and Growth Conditions
3.7.2. Paper Disk Diffusion Method
3.7.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.7.4. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Origanum vulgare L. |
---|---|
Distillation time (min) | 60 |
Yield (%) | 1.89 |
Specific density 20 °C (g/mL) | 0.913 |
Refractive index | 1.4775 |
Acidity index (mg KOH/g sample) | 0.8345 |
N° | Compounds | RI 1 | Ref RI 2 | % | Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | α-Thujene | 927 | 924 | 1.2 | a |
2 | α-Pinene | 936 | 932 | 0.7 | a,b |
3 | Camphene | 951 | 946 | tr | a,b |
4 | Sabinene | 971 | 974 | 6.5 | a |
5 | β-Pinene | 978 | 976 | 0.3 | a,b |
6 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 978 | 979 | 0.2 | a,b |
7 | Eucalyptol | 988 | 988 | tr | a |
8 | β-Myrcene | 991 | 988 | 1.9 | a,b |
9 | α-Phellandrene | 994 | 1001 | 0.5 | a |
10 | 3-Octanol | 993 | 991 | tr | a |
11 | δ-3−Carene | 1008 | 1008 | tr | a |
12 | α-Terpinene | 1020 | 1015 | 3.5 | a |
13 | Z-β-Ocimene | 1027 | 1032 | 0.9 | a |
14 | p-Cymene | 1028 | 1024 | 8.6 | a,b |
15 | Limonene | 1033 | 1027 | 0.9 | a,b |
16 | E-β-Ocimene | 1047 | 1044 | 0.2 | a |
17 | α-Terpinolene | 1053 | 1053 | 0.8 | a |
18 | γ-Terpinene | 1062 | 1058 | 10.6 | a,b |
19 | Z-Sabinene hydrate | 1073 | 1066 | 13.4 | a |
20 | Z-Linalool oxide | 1075 | 1067 | tr | a |
21 | E-Linalool oxide | 1082 | 1084 | tr | a |
22 | E-Sabinene hydrate | 1105 | 1098 | 2.0 | a |
23 | β-Thujone | 1114 | 1112 | 2.2 | a |
24 | E-p-2-Menthen-1-ol | 1124 | 1129 | 0.4 | a |
25 | endo-Borneol | 1160 | 1165 | 0.2 | a |
26 | p-Cymen-8-ol | 1180 | 1179 | 0.1 | a |
27 | 4-Terpineol | 1179 | 1177 | 4.4 | a |
28 | p-Cymen-7-ol | 1181 | 1181 | tr | a |
29 | α-Terpineol | 1186 | 1186 | 1.8 | a |
30 | E-Piperitol | 1193 | 1207 | 0.3 | a |
31 | Z-Piperitol | 1207 | 1195 | 0.3 | a |
32 | Nerol | 1229 | 1227 | tr | a |
33 | Thymol methyl ether | 1237 | 1232 | 2.3 | a |
34 | Carvacrol methyl ether | 1245 | 1241 | 5.6 | a |
35 | Geraniol | 1250 | 1249 | tr | a |
36 | Linalyl acetate | 1256 | 1257 | 7.2 | a |
37 | Bornyl acetate | 1289 | 1284 | tr | a |
38 | Thymol | 1293 | 1289 | 15.9 | a,b |
39 | Carvacrol | 1300 | 1298 | 3.1 | a,b |
40 | Eugenol | 1357 | 1356 | tr | a |
41 | Geranyl acetate | 1380 | 1379 | 0.1 | a |
42 | β-Caryophyllene | 1420 | 1418 | 1.2 | a,b |
43 | Aromadendrene | 1442 | 1439 | tr | a |
44 | α-Humulene | 1454 | 1452 | 0.4 | a |
45 | Bicyclogermacrene | 1500 | 1494 | 1.5 | a |
46 | δ-Cadinene | 1524 | 1522 | tr | a |
47 | Ledene | 1552 | 1552 | tr | a |
48 | Spathulenol | 1573 | 1577 | 0.1 | a,b |
49 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1581 | 1582 | 0.1 | a,b |
50 | Isospathulenol | 1704 | 1704 | tr | a |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 38.7 | ||||
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 38.0 | ||||
Phenolic monoterpenes | 19.0 | ||||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 3.1 | ||||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 0.2 | ||||
Others | 0.2 | ||||
Total identified | 99.2 |
Species | DPPH a | ABTS b | FRAP b | TPC c |
---|---|---|---|---|
O. vulgare | 4750 ± 91.11 | 1252.74 ± 47.10 | 270.53 ± 3.52 | 102.71± 3.87 |
Quercetin * | 6.99 ± 0.02 | - | - | - |
Trolox * | 20.99 ± 1.24 | - | - | - |
Bacteria | MIC 1 (%) | MBC 2 (%) |
---|---|---|
Pathogenic | ||
Escherichia coli (ATCC 23716) | 0.16 | 0.16 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 19429) | 0.63 | 1.25 |
Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13311) | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) | 0.08 | 0.32 |
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29737) | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Phytopathogenic | ||
Erwinia rhapontici (MK883065) | 0.04 | 0.08 |
Pseudomonas syringae (MF547632) | 0.16 | 0.32 |
Pantoea agglomerans (MK883087) | ND | ND |
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (ATCC 19358) | ND | ND |
Xanthomonas campestris (MH885473) | 0.08 | 0.08 |
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Simirgiotis, M.J.; Burton, D.; Parra, F.; López, J.; Muñoz, P.; Escobar, H.; Parra, C. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS. Metabolites 2020, 10, 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100414
Simirgiotis MJ, Burton D, Parra F, López J, Muñoz P, Escobar H, Parra C. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS. Metabolites. 2020; 10(10):414. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100414
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimirgiotis, Mario J., Daniel Burton, Felipe Parra, Jéssica López, Patricio Muñoz, Hugo Escobar, and Claudio Parra. 2020. "Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS" Metabolites 10, no. 10: 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100414
APA StyleSimirgiotis, M. J., Burton, D., Parra, F., López, J., Muñoz, P., Escobar, H., & Parra, C. (2020). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS. Metabolites, 10(10), 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100414