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Volume 14
Issue 17
10.3390/electronics14173352
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Review

Recent Progress on Eye-Tracking and Gaze Estimation for AR/VR Applications: A Review

by
Liwan Lin
,
Zongyu Wu
,
Yijun Lu
,
Zhong Chen
and
Weijie Guo
*
National Innovation Platform for the Fusion of Industry and Education in Integrated Circuits, Department of Electronic Science, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(17), 3352; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173352
Submission received: 19 July 2025 / Revised: 10 August 2025 / Accepted: 21 August 2025 / Published: 22 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Visual information is crucial in human life, not only providing critical support for communication, learning, and decision-making, but also playing a key role in psychology, medicine, and science. Eye-tracking and gaze estimation have promoted the development of foveated rendering in wearable virtual reality and augmented reality glasses. This review summarizes the recent development on gaze estimation and discusses the impacts of head posture, illumination, occlusion, blur, and individual bias on the accuracy of eye-tracking. The prospective development on eye-tracking employing unsupervised learning, self-supervised learning, and meta-learning have also been discussed.
Keywords: gaze estimation; eye-tracking; head pose; machine learning gaze estimation; eye-tracking; head pose; machine learning

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lin, L.; Wu, Z.; Lu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Guo, W. Recent Progress on Eye-Tracking and Gaze Estimation for AR/VR Applications: A Review. Electronics 2025, 14, 3352. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173352

AMA Style

Lin L, Wu Z, Lu Y, Chen Z, Guo W. Recent Progress on Eye-Tracking and Gaze Estimation for AR/VR Applications: A Review. Electronics. 2025; 14(17):3352. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173352

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Liwan, Zongyu Wu, Yijun Lu, Zhong Chen, and Weijie Guo. 2025. "Recent Progress on Eye-Tracking and Gaze Estimation for AR/VR Applications: A Review" Electronics 14, no. 17: 3352. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173352

APA Style

Lin, L., Wu, Z., Lu, Y., Chen, Z., & Guo, W. (2025). Recent Progress on Eye-Tracking and Gaze Estimation for AR/VR Applications: A Review. Electronics, 14(17), 3352. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173352

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