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Electronics
Volume 14
Issue 11
10.3390/electronics14112224
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles in Urban and Metropolitan Environments According to Various Driving Cycles and Behavioral Conditions

by
Călin-Doru Iclodean
1,*,
Bogdan-Manolin Jurchis
1,
Cristian-Marius Macavei
1,
Edmond-Roland Volosciuc
1 and
Andrei-George Iclodean
2
1
Department of Automotive Engineering and Transports, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Muncii Bd. 103-105, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, George Baritiu Str. 26-28, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(11), 2224; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112224
Submission received: 5 May 2025 / Revised: 27 May 2025 / Accepted: 29 May 2025 / Published: 29 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Challenges in Automotive Mobility and Automation Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Electric vehicles are transforming urban and metropolitan transportation, providing significant benefits to both the environment and society. However, the integration of electric vehicles necessitates a well-planned infrastructure, including a sufficient number of charging stations distributed at the local level, policies that encourage the purchase and operation of electric vehicles, and the active participation of local governments and the automotive industry. Investments in improved car technologies, as well as renewable energy sources, will be critical in the shift to more sustainable metropolitan regions that have reduced pollution. Computer simulation based on virtual models performs an important role in the optimization of urban and metropolitan traffic by allowing for the rapid prototyping of real vehicle models, as well as the implementation of a wide range of test scenarios in real time. Assisted driving functions are critical in adjusting optimal driving behaviors to each of the particular scenarios of urban and metropolitan traffic. The situations discussed in this study were derived from real-world traffic and implemented and simulated on virtual models in the CarMaker version 12 application. To calibrate electricity consumption in each of the metropolitan area’s sectors, driving cycles were embedded in the virtual model. These were allocated to component sectors based on the average travel speed and its variation.
Keywords: electric vehicle; real traffic; virtual vehicle model; computer simulation; sustainability; driving cycles electric vehicle; real traffic; virtual vehicle model; computer simulation; sustainability; driving cycles

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Iclodean, C.-D.; Jurchis, B.-M.; Macavei, C.-M.; Volosciuc, E.-R.; Iclodean, A.-G. Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles in Urban and Metropolitan Environments According to Various Driving Cycles and Behavioral Conditions. Electronics 2025, 14, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112224

AMA Style

Iclodean C-D, Jurchis B-M, Macavei C-M, Volosciuc E-R, Iclodean A-G. Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles in Urban and Metropolitan Environments According to Various Driving Cycles and Behavioral Conditions. Electronics. 2025; 14(11):2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112224

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iclodean, Călin-Doru, Bogdan-Manolin Jurchis, Cristian-Marius Macavei, Edmond-Roland Volosciuc, and Andrei-George Iclodean. 2025. "Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles in Urban and Metropolitan Environments According to Various Driving Cycles and Behavioral Conditions" Electronics 14, no. 11: 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112224

APA Style

Iclodean, C.-D., Jurchis, B.-M., Macavei, C.-M., Volosciuc, E.-R., & Iclodean, A.-G. (2025). Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles in Urban and Metropolitan Environments According to Various Driving Cycles and Behavioral Conditions. Electronics, 14(11), 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112224

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