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Review

A Systematic Review of the Design of Serious Games for Innovative Learning: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, or Mixed Reality?

by
Lap-Kei Lee
1,
Xiaodong Wei
2,*,
Kwok Tai Chui
1,*,
Simon K. S. Cheung
3,
Fu Lee Wang
1,
Yin-Chun Fung
1,
Angel Lu
4,
Yan Keung Hui
5,
Tianyong Hao
6,
Leong Hou U
7 and
Nga-In Wu
8
1
School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
2
School of Educational Technology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
3
Information Technology Office, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
4
Talent & Education Development Office, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
5
Hong Kong Institution of Information Technology, Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong, China
6
School of Computer Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
7
Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China
8
College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2024, 13(5), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050890
Submission received: 7 January 2024 / Revised: 3 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 February 2024 / Published: 26 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Topic Technology-Mediated Agile Blended Learning)
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Abstract

The recent integration of educational technologies and emerging learning approaches into education systems has been driven largely by the pandemic. This paper conducts a systematic review and delves into the new wave of research on serious games designed for innovative learning using augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR). The review was referenced to the review protocol, PRISMA 2020. Using the Scopus Database with a time filter from 2007 to 2023 (27 July), we searched 329 articles and shortlisted 273 relevant studies. Notably, European countries contributed the most (62.9%) to this research area. Among the most frequent keywords, VR (90.9%) was commonly used in AR/VR/MR, while e-learning (95.3%) was among the popular innovative learning approaches. Further research studies are needed to employ AR and MR technologies, as well as other innovative learning approaches, to enable performance evaluation and comparison of various educational technologies and learning approaches. We conducted an in-depth analysis of the relevant studies and their basic characteristics. Additionally, we introduced 15 essential and recently published AR/VR/MR standards to ensure better reliability, quality, and safety of architectures, systems, products, services, and processes. To facilitate performance evaluation and analysis, we surveyed 15 recently published benchmark education datasets. This review suggested four future research directions, including multisensory experiences, generative artificial intelligence, personalization and customization, and real-time interaction.
Keywords: augmented reality; blended learning; e-learning; hybrid learning; immersive learning; innovative learning; mixed reality; serious games; smart education; virtual reality augmented reality; blended learning; e-learning; hybrid learning; immersive learning; innovative learning; mixed reality; serious games; smart education; virtual reality

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, L.-K.; Wei, X.; Chui, K.T.; Cheung, S.K.S.; Wang, F.L.; Fung, Y.-C.; Lu, A.; Hui, Y.K.; Hao, T.; U, L.H.; et al. A Systematic Review of the Design of Serious Games for Innovative Learning: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, or Mixed Reality? Electronics 2024, 13, 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050890

AMA Style

Lee L-K, Wei X, Chui KT, Cheung SKS, Wang FL, Fung Y-C, Lu A, Hui YK, Hao T, U LH, et al. A Systematic Review of the Design of Serious Games for Innovative Learning: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, or Mixed Reality? Electronics. 2024; 13(5):890. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050890

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Lap-Kei, Xiaodong Wei, Kwok Tai Chui, Simon K. S. Cheung, Fu Lee Wang, Yin-Chun Fung, Angel Lu, Yan Keung Hui, Tianyong Hao, Leong Hou U, and et al. 2024. "A Systematic Review of the Design of Serious Games for Innovative Learning: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, or Mixed Reality?" Electronics 13, no. 5: 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050890

APA Style

Lee, L.-K., Wei, X., Chui, K. T., Cheung, S. K. S., Wang, F. L., Fung, Y.-C., Lu, A., Hui, Y. K., Hao, T., U, L. H., & Wu, N.-I. (2024). A Systematic Review of the Design of Serious Games for Innovative Learning: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, or Mixed Reality? Electronics, 13(5), 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050890

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