Viaduct and Bridge Structural Analysis and Inspection through an App for Immersive Remote Learning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- A UAV 3D model detected by drone (initial state of the infrastructure).
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- A structural model (scenario n).
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- A final model integrated with data acquired over time from various sources and in real-time, directly from any sensors installed on site.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey and Structural Model Implementation
2.2. Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Reality in Unity Environment
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- Virtual Reality (VR): “an artificial environment which is experienced through sensory stimuli (such as sights and sounds) provided by a computer and in which one’s actions partially determine what happens in the environment” [35].
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- Augmented Reality (AR): “AR allows the user to see the real world, with virtual objects superimposed upon or composited with the real world. Therefore, AR supplements reality, rather than completely replacing it” [36].
2.3. Photogrammetric 3D Model
2.4. Automatic Geometrical Information Extraction
2.5. Implementation on BIM
2.6. Historical Images Database and Convolutional Neural Network Processing
2.7. Alternative Minim Route Calculation and GPS Range User/Device Interaction
3. Results
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- Original infrastructure design;
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- Any maintenance works;
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- Service projects and subservices;
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- A 3D survey model (geometric information, state of degradation, etc.);
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- A structural model (from which to obtain the different structural responses in the different scenarios).
- Acquisition of geometry and construction details from the survey and 3D modeling by drone.
- Acquisition of information on the mechanical properties of materials and soils through project documentation.
- Acquisition of “loads” through a system of sensors installed on site.
- Creation of the final structural model using FEM (Figure 6).
- Identify the replacement route in case of closure of the infrastructure. For example, Figure 8 shows an example simulation of the interruption of the road network at the Annunziata viaduct, which can be carried out by the operator. The graph on which the intervention is carried out is colored red, while the main routes on which to sort the traffic are highlighted in green, in the hypothesis of several deviations to reach the maximum capacity set by the infrastructure (Figure 8). Once the capacity of a graph is reached, it is excluded from the calculation of the path.Figure 8. AI elaboration for traffic redistribution in the case of closure simulation.
- Offer to the user a virtual tour of the infrastructure and the adjacent area (identifying the boundary conditions and possible interactions with other artefacts on the same network), allowing the user to observe with the possibility to interact with the BIM model through the screen of his device.Figure 9a shows the app screenshot where the user can choose the various operations to activate. Figure 9b shows the superimposed 3D model on the viaduct. Figure 9c shows the possibility to explore the photogrammetric 3D model on the map with the ability to rotate or zoom on the model itself (the user can also see the position of other infrastructures in the same area).Figure 9. (a) App home page for viaduct inspection; (b) view of the model superimposed on the bridge; (c) screenshot of 3D model infrastructure view on the map. The operator can also access it via remote learning on the infrastructure without going to locations.Figure 9. (a) App home page for viaduct inspection; (b) view of the model superimposed on the bridge; (c) screenshot of 3D model infrastructure view on the map. The operator can also access it via remote learning on the infrastructure without going to locations.
- Display the location of services and sub-services, structural elements and the location of degradation. For example, Figure 9 shows the extraction of a single frame where it is reported to a stack that has parts without concrete cover. The archive image acquired during the inspection phases is made available and can be consulted over time. By framing the portions of the viaduct (to which the deterioration images database has been associated), it is possible to visualize whether or not the level of deterioration is subject to aggravation or maintenance (Figure 10a) (the user can also see the deterioration in the 3D maps in Figure 10b).Figure 10. (a) Inspection’s detail of the 3D model in AR for the identification of degradation. (b) Visualization of degradation from database image selected from 3D model on the map. The operator can also access it via remote learning on the infrastructure without going to locations.Figure 10. (a) Inspection’s detail of the 3D model in AR for the identification of degradation. (b) Visualization of degradation from database image selected from 3D model on the map. The operator can also access it via remote learning on the infrastructure without going to locations.
- Display video and audio associated with the part that is framed by the user. For example, in Figure 11, the results of the structural analyses, which can be viewed by the user, are reported. The device connects to the database through the crossing of two different types of data concerning the verification of the position within a pre-established range (infrastructure position) during the app design phase and the position of the device frame (possibility of multiple infrastructures within the range). The viaduct can be considered a marker, supported by the location-based Augmented Reality.Figure 11. Screenshot example of viewable structural results of the framed viaduct under inspection within the coordinate range.Figure 11. Screenshot example of viewable structural results of the framed viaduct under inspection within the coordinate range.
- Highlight the “details of interest” on the framed part and show the tridimensional model of the viaduct; the user can segment and disassemble it into its constituent elements. For example, Figure 12 highlights how the user can view the extraction of the various constituent elements, for the first preliminary analysis necessary for any maintenance interventions.Figure 12. Screenshot extraction of the viaduct deck and its individual constituent elements in Virtual Reality.Figure 12. Screenshot extraction of the viaduct deck and its individual constituent elements in Virtual Reality.
- Have an immersive experience with Microsoft HoloLens. Figure 13a shows how, in the geomatic laboratory, the user can virtually explore the various phases of a drone’s survey. Figure 13b shows a virtual reproduction of the area under investigation. The experience is shared with other participants without headsets through a monitor.Figure 13. Example of Google Lens application to replicate in Mixed Reality and in Virtual Reality the drone’s survey.Figure 13. Example of Google Lens application to replicate in Mixed Reality and in Virtual Reality the drone’s survey.
- Have an immersive experience with Microsoft HoloLens. Figure 14 shows how, on the site, the user can virtually explore the BIM model and explore the single elements that compose it using various phases of the drone’s survey. The experience is shared with other participants without headsets through a monitor.Figure 14. Example of Google Lens application to replicate the exploration of a single BIM component on the site.Figure 14. Example of Google Lens application to replicate the exploration of a single BIM component on the site.
4. Discussions and Future Development
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fotia, A.; Barrile, V. Viaduct and Bridge Structural Analysis and Inspection through an App for Immersive Remote Learning. Electronics 2023, 12, 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051220
Fotia A, Barrile V. Viaduct and Bridge Structural Analysis and Inspection through an App for Immersive Remote Learning. Electronics. 2023; 12(5):1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051220
Chicago/Turabian StyleFotia, Antonino, and Vincenzo Barrile. 2023. "Viaduct and Bridge Structural Analysis and Inspection through an App for Immersive Remote Learning" Electronics 12, no. 5: 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051220
APA StyleFotia, A., & Barrile, V. (2023). Viaduct and Bridge Structural Analysis and Inspection through an App for Immersive Remote Learning. Electronics, 12(5), 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051220