A Robust Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on Two-Dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform

Due to the continuous development and popularity of digital video technology, the copyright protection of digital video content has become an increasingly prominent issue. Digital video watermarking, as an effective means of digital copyright protection, has attracted widespread attention from academia and industry. The two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform (2D-DFT) template-based method has the advantages of good real-time performance and robustness, but the embedding capacity is small and cannot resist frame-dropping attack. To address this problem, a new template construction method is proposed in this paper, which can extend the embedding capacity from 1 bit each group of pictures (GOP) to theoretically n bits each GOP. In addition, by changing the GOP pattern, the method gains the ability to resist frame-dropping attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve larger watermark capacity while maintaining strong robustness against image-processing attacks, geometric attacks, video-processing attacks and compression attacks.