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Review

3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques

by
Antonio Alex-Amor
1,*,
Ángel Palomares-Caballero
2 and
Carlos Molero
2
1
Information Technology Department, Universidad CEU San Pablo, 28668 Madrid, Spain
2
Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2022, 11(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030410
Submission received: 28 December 2021 / Revised: 21 January 2022 / Accepted: 26 January 2022 / Published: 29 January 2022

Abstract

Metamaterials are artificially engineered devices that go beyond the properties of conventional materials in nature. Metamaterials allow for the creation of negative refractive indexes; light trapping with epsilon-near-zero compounds; bandgap selection; superconductivity phenomena; non-Hermitian responses; and more generally, manipulation of the propagation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves. In the past, low computational resources and the lack of proper manufacturing techniques have limited attention towards 1-D and 2-D metamaterials. However, the true potential of metamaterials is ultimately reached in 3-D configurations, when the degrees of freedom associated with the propagating direction are fully exploited in design. This is expected to lead to a new era in the field of metamaterials, from which future high-speed and low-latency communication networks can benefit. Here, a comprehensive overview of the past, present, and future trends related to 3-D metamaterial devices is presented, focusing on efficient computational methods, innovative designs, and functional manufacturing techniques.
Keywords: 3-D; metamaterials; antennas; design; fabrication techniques; numerical methods; microwave; photonics 3-D; metamaterials; antennas; design; fabrication techniques; numerical methods; microwave; photonics

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Alex-Amor, A.; Palomares-Caballero, Á.; Molero, C. 3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques. Electronics 2022, 11, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030410

AMA Style

Alex-Amor A, Palomares-Caballero Á, Molero C. 3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques. Electronics. 2022; 11(3):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030410

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alex-Amor, Antonio, Ángel Palomares-Caballero, and Carlos Molero. 2022. "3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques" Electronics 11, no. 3: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030410

APA Style

Alex-Amor, A., Palomares-Caballero, Á., & Molero, C. (2022). 3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques. Electronics, 11(3), 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030410

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