A Novel Approach for the Implementation of Fast Frequency Control in Low-Inertia Power Systems Based on Local Measurements and Provision Costs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Contrary to SI and droop-based frequency control, the proposed FFR control delivers constant power in reference to the RoCoF level. Therefore, it effectively utilizes the fast response capability of fast-acting resources and has a bigger contribution towards restraining the frequency nadir.
- The proposed frequency control strategy uses only local measurements of the RoCoF. This eliminates the need for placing new and additional communication infrastructure. Most importantly, unpredictable time delays due to data transmissions are avoided, resulting in an even faster and more reliable response of FFR.
- During the transient period after a disturbance, frequency drops and the RoCoF have the largest values near the location of the disturbance and in low-inertia areas. Consequently, the FFR reserve, which is triggered by locally measured RoCoF, is most deployed in the area where the disturbance occurred, which retains disturbance propagation.
- The proposed multi-stage FFR control strategy ranks reserves based on the provision cost and prioritizes the use of low-cost reserves in case of less severe disturbances. The multi-stage approach gives priority to the low-cost FFR reserve in the case of less critical disturbances and enables TSO to reduce reserve provision costs.
- System operators: From an economic perspective, the proposed control strategy reduces provision costs, since the deployed FFR reserves are proportional to the size of the disturbance, and low-cost FFR resources are prioritized. From a technical perspective, the FFR control strategy deploys more reserves in parts of the system that are more affected by disturbances and thus contributes more to frequency stability.
- Consumers: Since the operational costs are mapped to the consumers through the cost of electricity, reduced frequency reserve costs decrease consumer expenses.
- Service providers: The proposed control solution favors FFR resources located in more vulnerable areas (low inertia areas), which can motivate investors to invest in FFR resources in locations that contribute more to system stability. This market-oriented solution leads to efficient investment decisions that can contribute towards a more resilient system.
2. Theoretical Background
3. A Novel Approach for the Implementation of Fast Frequency Control in Low-Inertia Power Systems Based on Local Measurements and Provision Costs
Potential FFR Market Structure That Enables Ranking FFR Resources Based on Reserve Provision Costs
4. Case Studies and Simulation Results
4.1. Simulations on a Simple Three-Area System
- Case 1.1: Strongly coupled areas;
- Case 1.2: Weakly coupled areas;
- Case 1.3: Different lengths of connection lines.
- Case 2.1: Disturbance in a low-inertia area;
- Case 2.2: Disturbance in a high-inertia area.
4.2. Simulations on an IEEE 68-Bus System
5. Conclusions
6. Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Area | Demand [GW] | FFR [MW] | Inertia [s] |
---|---|---|---|
Area1 | 4 | 120 | 3 |
Area2 | 4 | 120 | 5 |
Area3 | 4 | 120 | 7 |
FFR Stage | Activated at RoCoF [Hz/s] | Fully Available in [s] | Provision Price [€/MWs] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 0.2 | 0.75 | 2 |
3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 3 |
Case | 1–2 Line Length [p.u.] | 1–3 Line Length [p.u.] | 2–3 Line Length [p.u.] | Size of Disturbance [MW] | Location of Disturbance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 320 | Area2 |
1.2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 320 | Area2 |
1.3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 320 | Area2 |
Case | Size of Disturbance [MW] | Location of Disturbance |
---|---|---|
2.1 | 320 | Area1 |
2.2 | 320 | Area3 |
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Stojković, J.; Stefanov, P. A Novel Approach for the Implementation of Fast Frequency Control in Low-Inertia Power Systems Based on Local Measurements and Provision Costs. Electronics 2022, 11, 1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111776
Stojković J, Stefanov P. A Novel Approach for the Implementation of Fast Frequency Control in Low-Inertia Power Systems Based on Local Measurements and Provision Costs. Electronics. 2022; 11(11):1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111776
Chicago/Turabian StyleStojković, Jelena, and Predrag Stefanov. 2022. "A Novel Approach for the Implementation of Fast Frequency Control in Low-Inertia Power Systems Based on Local Measurements and Provision Costs" Electronics 11, no. 11: 1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111776