Model and Data Concur and Explain the Coexistence of Two Very Distinct Animal Behavioral Types
1
Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carrera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
2
Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
3
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biology 2020, 9(9), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090241
Received: 25 July 2020
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Revised: 12 August 2020
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Accepted: 17 August 2020
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Published: 21 August 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Personality in Sexual Selection)
Behaviors may enhance fitness in some situations while being detrimental in others. Linked behaviors (behavioral syndromes) may be central to understanding the maintenance of behavioral variability in natural populations. The spillover hypothesis of premating sexual cannibalism by females explains genetically determined female aggression towards both prey and males: growth to a larger size translates into higher fecundity, but at the risk of insufficient sperm acquisition. Here, we use an individual-based model to determine the ecological scenarios under which this spillover strategy is more likely to evolve over a strategy in which females attack approaching males only once the female has previously secured sperm. We found that a classic spillover strategy could never prevail. However, a more realistic early-spillover strategy, in which females become adults earlier in addition to reaching a larger size, could be maintained in some ecological scenarios and even invade a population of females following the other strategy. We also found under some ecological scenarios that both behavioral types coexist through frequency-dependent selection. Additionally, using data from the spider Lycosa hispanica, we provide strong support for the prediction that the two strategies may coexist in the wild. Our results clarify how animal personalities evolve and are maintained in nature.
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Keywords:
frequency-dependent selection; behavioral types; sexual cannibalism; individual-based models; behavioral syndromes; animal personality
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MDPI and ACS Style
Moya-Laraño, J.; Rabaneda-Bueno, R.; Morrison, E.; Crowley, P.H. Model and Data Concur and Explain the Coexistence of Two Very Distinct Animal Behavioral Types. Biology 2020, 9, 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090241
AMA Style
Moya-Laraño J, Rabaneda-Bueno R, Morrison E, Crowley PH. Model and Data Concur and Explain the Coexistence of Two Very Distinct Animal Behavioral Types. Biology. 2020; 9(9):241. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090241
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoya-Laraño, Jordi, Rubén Rabaneda-Bueno, Emily Morrison, and Philip H. Crowley. 2020. "Model and Data Concur and Explain the Coexistence of Two Very Distinct Animal Behavioral Types" Biology 9, no. 9: 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090241
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