The Protective Role of Prenatal Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation against Pancreatic Oxidative Damage in Offspring of Valproic Acid-Treated Rats: Histological and Molecular Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
- Sodium valproate (VPA): in the form of Depakine ampoule (4 mL) in a concentration of 100 mg/mL, it was purchased from Sanofi Aventis France Company (Paris, France).
- Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA): purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (T5625: Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in the form of a faint yellow powder, 25 g.
2.2. Experimental Protocol
2.3. Sampling and Preparation of the Specimen
2.4. Histological Study
2.5. Electron Microscopic Study
2.6. Immunohistochemical (IHC) Study
2.7. Biochemical Analysis
2.8. Molecular Study
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Histological Results
3.1.1. Light Microscopic Results
3.1.2. Electron Microscopic Results
3.2. Immunohistochemical and Morphometric Results
3.3. Biochemical and Molecular Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group I (-ve Control) | Group II (+ve Control, ALA) | Group III (VPA Treated) | Group IV (VPA + ALA Treated) | ANOVA p Value | Tukey’s Test p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin positive cells (mean ± SD) | 83.6 ± 7.7 | 85.1 ± 2.1 | 57.3 ± 7.3 | 78.1 ± 4.6 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 1.00 |
P2 ˂ 0.001 * | ||||||
P3 = 0.37 | ||||||
P4 ˂ 0.001 * | ||||||
Glucagon positive cells (mean ± SD) | 29.9 ± 4.5 | 30.8 ± 6.9 | 41.2 ± 4.9 | 26.6 ± 7.5 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.99 |
P2 ˂ 0.001 * | ||||||
P3 = 0.79 | ||||||
P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
Group I (-ve Control) | Group II (+ve Control, ALA) | Group III (VPA Treated) | Group IV (VPA + ALA Treated) | ANOVA p Value | Tukey’s Test p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDA (nmol/g tissue) | 9.49 ± 1.04 | 7.78 ± 0.33 | 23.87 ± 3.29 | 10.47 ± 0.54 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.34, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.76, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
TAC (mmol/L) | 978.5 ± 33.3 | 996.8 ± 24.2 | 355.9 ± 33.9 | 1030.3 ± 54.5 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.85, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.12, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
GSH (μmol/mL) | 156.2 ± 20.2 | 174.1 ± 20.2 | 50.7 ± 12.2 | 169.4 ± 11.5 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.27, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.96, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
Catalase (U/mL) | 552.6 ± 46.9 | 595.1 ± 55.6 | 403.2 ± 43.7 | 545.1 ± 25.4 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.37, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.24, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
SOD (U/mL) | 86.8 ± 7.2 | 94.1 ± 5.3 | 68.4 ± 16.7 | 80.4 ± 10.7 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.45, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.55, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
Nrf2 gene expression (2−∆∆CT) Mean ± SD | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 1.00 ± 0.11 | 0.53 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.13 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.36, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.16, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
Caspase-3 gene expression (2−∆∆CT) Mean ± SD | 1.00 ± 0.09 | 1.1 ± 0.21 | 2.8 ± 0.31 | 2.3 ± 0.16 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.54, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.05*, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
Bcl-2 gene expression (2−∆∆CT) Mean ± SD | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.24 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.43, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.21, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
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Ghoneim, F.M.; Alrefai, H.; Elsamanoudy, A.Z.; Abo El-khair, S.M.; Khalaf, H.A. The Protective Role of Prenatal Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation against Pancreatic Oxidative Damage in Offspring of Valproic Acid-Treated Rats: Histological and Molecular Study. Biology 2020, 9, 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090239
Ghoneim FM, Alrefai H, Elsamanoudy AZ, Abo El-khair SM, Khalaf HA. The Protective Role of Prenatal Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation against Pancreatic Oxidative Damage in Offspring of Valproic Acid-Treated Rats: Histological and Molecular Study. Biology. 2020; 9(9):239. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090239
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhoneim, Fatma M., Hani Alrefai, Ayman Z. Elsamanoudy, Salwa M. Abo El-khair, and Hanaa A. Khalaf. 2020. "The Protective Role of Prenatal Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation against Pancreatic Oxidative Damage in Offspring of Valproic Acid-Treated Rats: Histological and Molecular Study" Biology 9, no. 9: 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090239