Which Species Should We Focus On? Umbrella Species Assessment in Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Species List and Distribution
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Indicator Species Analysis
2.3.2. Co-Occurring Species Analysis
Correlation Analysis
Factor Analysis
2.4. Umbrella Species Selection
3. Results
3.1. Biodiversity Spatial Distribution and Plot-by-Species Table
3.2. Statistical Analyses
3.2.1. Indicator Species
- 1:
- 40% habitat overlap: regarded as two species with a common habitat;
- 2:
- 60% habitat overlap: regarded as two species with a common habitat;
- 3:
- 80% habitat overlap: regarded as two species with a common habitat.
3.2.2. Co-Occurring Species
3.3. Umbrella Species Selection
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. of Important Species | Category Information | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endangered | Protected in Law | Both Endangered and Protected in Law | |||
Animals | Amphibian | 21 | 6 | 2 | 25 |
Reptile | 12 | 7 | 5 | 14 | |
Aves | 57 | 138 | 19 | 176 | |
Mammals | 42 | 69 | 39 | 72 | |
Summary of animals | 132 | 220 | 65 | 287 | |
Plants | Bryophytes and Fern | 17 | 7 | 1 | 23 |
Gymnosperms | 44 | 37 | 26 | 55 | |
Angiosperm | 331 | 143 | 29 | 445 | |
Summary of plants | 392 | 187 | 56 | 523 | |
Total | 524 | 407 | 121 | 810 |
Scientific Name | Category | Taxa | Region | Mentioned before | Endemic to China | IUCN Red List Category | NPS Category | Importance Level | Indicator Value Index | Non-Repetition Correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nyssa yunnanensis | co-occurring species | Angiosperms | F | YES | √ | CR | I | 1 | 0.36 | 164 |
Neocheiropteris palmatopedata | co-occurring species | Bryophytes and Fern | D | NO | √ | EN | II | 1 | 0.48 | 98 |
Carya sinensis | co-occurring species | Angiosperms | F | NO | × | EN | II | 1 | 0.55 | 60 |
Magnolia grandis | co-occurring species | Angiosperms | F | NO | √ | CR | II | 1 | 0.15 | 29 |
Cycas bifida | co-occurring species | Gymnosperms | D | NO | × | VU | I | 1 | 0.22 | 24 |
Moschus berezovskii | co-occurring species | Mammals | D | YES | × | EN | I | 1 | 0.58 | 20 |
Nycticebus bengalensis | co-occurring species/indicator species | Mammals | F | YES | × | VU | I | 1 | 0.60 | 15 |
Naemorhedus baileyi | co-occurring species/indicator species | Mammals | B | NO | × | VU | I | 1 | 0.63 | 20 |
Lophophorus lhuysii | co-occurring species | Aves | A | YES | √ | VU | I | 1 | 0.55 | 21 |
Rhinopithecus roxellana | co-occurring species | Mammals | E | YES | √ | EN | I | 1 | 0.54 | 18 |
Bretschneidera sinensis | co-occurring species | Angiosperms | E | YES | × | EN | I | 1 | 0.58 | 16 |
Cuora trifasciata | co-occurring species | Reptile | E | YES | × | CR | II | 1 | 0.42 | 12 |
Nycticebus pygmaeus | co-occurring species | Mammals | F | YES | × | N/A | I | 1 | 0.15 | 11 |
Ailuropoda melanoleuca | co-occurring species/indicator species | Mammals | C | YES | √ | VU | I | 1 | 0.80 | 11 |
Tragopan caboti | co-occurring species | Aves | E | YES | √ | VU | I | 1 | 0.21 | 10 |
Cycas debaoensis | co-occurring species | Gymnosperms | F | YES | √ | CR | I | 1 | 0.18 | 11 |
Cycas balansae | co-occurring species | Gymnosperms | F | NO | × | Not Threatened | I | 1 | 0.26 | 8 |
Neofelis nebulosa | co-occurring species | Mammals | D | YES | × | VU | I | 1 | 0.45 | 5 |
Kingdonia uniflora | co-occurring species | Angiosperms | D | NO | √ | Not Threatened | I | 1 | 0.53 | 5 |
Gypaetus barbatus | co-occurring species | Aves | A | NO | × | Not Threatened | I | 1 | 0.52 | 5 |
Panthera tigris | indicator species | Mammals | B | YES | × | EN | I | 1 | 0.87 | 0 |
Aquila chrysaetos | indicator species | Aves | B\C\D | YES | × | Not Threatened | I | 1 | 0.73 | 0 |
Panthera uncia | indicator species | Mammals | A\C\D | YES | × | EN | I | 1 | 0.68 | 0 |
Cymbidium aloifolium | indicator species | Angiosperms | E\F | NO | × | Not Threatened | I | 1 | 0.68 | 0 |
Andrias davidianus | indicator species | Amphibian | E | YES | √ | CR | II | 1 | 0.65 | 0 |
Sorolepidium glaciale | indicator species | Bryophytes and Fern | B\C\D | NO | √ | Not Threatened | I | 1 | 0.64 | 0 |
Budorcas taxicolor | indicator species | Mammals | B\C | YES | × | VU | I | 1 | 0.64 | 0 |
Ailurus fulgens | indicator species | Mammals | B\C\D | YES | × | EN | II | 1 | 0.62 | 0 |
Eleutherococcus cuspidatus | indicator species | Angiosperms | C | NO | × | EN | Not Listed | 2 | 0.73 | 1 |
Burretiodendron tonkinense | indicator species | Angiosperms | F | NO | × | EN | Not Listed | 2 | 0.70 | 0 |
Aythya baeri | indicator species | Aves | E\F | NO | × | CR | Not Listed | 2 | 0.62 | 0 |
Emberiza aureola | indicator species | Aves | C\E\F | YES | × | EN | Not Listed | 2 | 0.60 | 0 |
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Evaluation Index | Conservation Status Classification Criteria | ||
---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |
Threatened | species that are both NPS and CR/EN | Other CR/EN species | VU species |
Conservation level | Other first-category nationally protected species | --- | Other second-category nationally protected species |
Endemism | Narrow endemic species | Endemic to province species | Others species |
Total | 136 | 235 | 439 |
Category | Amphibian | Reptile | Birds | Mammals | Bryophytes and Ferns | Gymnosperms | Angiosperms | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator species | 1 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 15 |
Co-occurring species | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 20 |
Total | 1 | 1 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 32 1 |
Proportion (%) | 3 | 3 | 19 | 34 | 6 | 9 | 25 | 100 |
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Shi, X.; Gong, C.; Zhang, L.; Hu, J.; Ouyang, Z.; Xiao, Y. Which Species Should We Focus On? Umbrella Species Assessment in Southwest China. Biology 2019, 8, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8020042
Shi X, Gong C, Zhang L, Hu J, Ouyang Z, Xiao Y. Which Species Should We Focus On? Umbrella Species Assessment in Southwest China. Biology. 2019; 8(2):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8020042
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Xuewei, Cheng Gong, Lu Zhang, Jian Hu, Zhiyun Ouyang, and Yi Xiao. 2019. "Which Species Should We Focus On? Umbrella Species Assessment in Southwest China" Biology 8, no. 2: 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8020042
APA StyleShi, X., Gong, C., Zhang, L., Hu, J., Ouyang, Z., & Xiao, Y. (2019). Which Species Should We Focus On? Umbrella Species Assessment in Southwest China. Biology, 8(2), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8020042