Guide snoRNAs: Drivers or Passengers in Human Disease?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Box H/ACA Guide RNAs in Human Disease
2.1. Box H/ACA Guide RNAs in Cancer
2.2. Box H/ACA Guide RNAs in Genetic Disease
2.3. Box H/ACA Guide RNA Host Gene Deregulation in Disease
3. Box C/D Guide RNAs in Human Disease
3.1. Box C/D Guide RNAs in Cancer
3.2. Box C/D Guide RNAs in Genetic Disease
3.3. Box C/D Guide RNAs in Other Disease
3.4. Box C/D Guide RNA Host Gene Deregulation in Disease
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Guide RNA | Target rRNA Position (Uridine) | Host Gene | Disease Associated with the RNA | Level Compared to Normal | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
snoRA2A (ACA2A) | 28S-4263, -4282 | KANSL2 (KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2) | Breast cancer | Up | [66] |
snoRA6 (ACA6); snoRA62 (E2) | 28S-3616, -4438, and -3830, -3832 | RPSA (ribosomal protein SA, 67 kD laminin receptor) | Isolated congenital asplenia | Down-regulation of RPSA due to mutations | [62] |
snoRA15 (ACA15) | 18S-1367 | CCT6A (chaperonin containing TCP1, subunit 6A (zeta 1)) | Acute myeloblastic, acute lymphoblastic and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, X-Linked DC | Down | [29,52] |
snoRA21 (ACA21) | 28S-4401, 18S-1499 | RPL23 (ribosomal protein L23) | Colorectal cancer | Up | [48] |
snoRA22 (ACA22) | 28S-4966 (snoRA33 *), -4975 | CCT6P1 (chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 6 pseudogene 1) | DC | Down | [65] |
snoRA23 (ACA23) | 28S-3737, -4331 | IPO7 (importin 7) | Pancreatic Cancer, DC | Up | [43,67] |
snoRA24 (ACA24) | 18S-609, -863, 18S-1045 (snoRA24B *) | SNHG8 (Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 8) | Acute myeloblastic, acute and chronic lymphoblastic, and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, X-Linked DC | Down | [29,52] |
snoRA27 (ACA27) | 28S-3694, -4522 | RPL21 (ribosomal protein L21) | HHS | - | [68] |
snoRA31 (ACA31) | 28S-3713, 18S-218 | TPT1 (Tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1) | Musculoskeletal aging and osteoarthritis | Up | [69] |
snoRA36 (ACA36) | 18S-105, -1244 | DKC1 (dyskeratosis congenita 1, dyskerin) | DC, X-Linked DC | Down | [65] |
snoRA40 (ACA40) | 28S-4546, 18S-1174 | TAF1D (TATA-box binding protein-associated factor, RNA pol I subunit D) | Multiple myeloma of the TC1 subgroup, Asthma, Multiple sclerosis | Up | [54,70,71] |
snoRA42 (ACA42) | 18S-109, -572 (snoRA80 *) | KHDC4 (KH Domain Containing 4) | NSCLC, X-Linked DC | Up | [46,72] |
snoRA44 (ACA44) | 18S-686, -822, -897 | SNHG12 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 12) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Host gene up-regulation | [73] |
snoRA47 (HBI-115) | 28S-1766 | ZBED3 ( zinc finger BED-type containing 3) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up | [49] |
snoRA48 (ACA48) | 28S-3797 | SENP3-EIF4A1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1) | Breast Cancer | Down | [29] |
snoRA56 (ACA56) | 28S-1664, 18S-296 | DKC1 | DC, X-Linked DC | Down | [52,59] |
snoRA64 (U64) | 28S-4975 | RPS2 (ribosomal protein S2) | Multiple myeloma, Prostate cancer, X-DC | Up | [29,52,54] |
snoRA66 (U66) | 18S-119 | RPL5 (ribosomal protein L5) | Diamond-Blackfan Anemia | Up | [63] |
snoRA67 (U67) | 18S-1445 | SENP3-EIF4A1 | X-Linked DC | Down | [52] |
snoRA71C, D (U71C, U71D) | 18S-406 | SNHG17 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 17) | Myelofibrosis, a variant is expressed in HNSCC | Down | [53,56] |
snoRA74A (U19) | 28S-3741, -3743 and U3-8 | MATR3 (Matrin 3) | Astrocytoma, Gallbladder cancer | Up | [51,74] |
snoRA81 (HBI-61) | 28S-4606 | EIF4A2 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A, isoform 2) | DC | Down | [75] |
Guide RNA | Target snRNA Position (Uridine) | Host Gene | Disease Associated with the RNA | Level Compared to Normal | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
scaRNA1 (ACA35) | U2-89 | PPP1R8 (protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 8) | Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), a heart condition in children | Down | [61] |
scaRNA4 (ACA26) | U2-41 | KHDC4 (KH domain containing 4, pre-mRNA splicing factor) | TOF | Down | [61,76] |
scaRNA8 (U92) | U2-34, -43, -44 | HAUS6 (HAUS augmin like complex subunit 6) | TOF | Down | [61,76] |
scaRNA11 (ACA57) | U5-43 | CHD4 (Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4) | Sifrim-Hitz-Weiss syndrome | Host gene mutation | [77] |
scaRNA13 (U93) | U2-54, U5-51 | SNHG170 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 170) | DC, Congenital heart defects | Down | [58] |
scaRNA23 (ACA12) | U6-40 | COP1 (COP1, E3 ubiquitin ligase) | Breast Cancer | UP | [57] |
Guide RNA | Target rRNA/snRNA Position | Host Gene | Disease Associated with the RNA | Level Compared to Normal | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNORD7 (Z30) | U6-A47 | LINC02001 (long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2001) | Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), a heart condition in children | Down | [61] |
SNORD8 (mgU6-53) | U6-A53 | CHD8 (chromo-domain helicase DNA binding protein 8) | TOF | Down | [61] |
SNORD9 (mgU6-53B) | U6-A53 | CHD8 | TOF | Down | [61] |
SNORD19 (HBII-108) | 18S-G683 (SNORD136) * | GNL3 (G protein nucleolar 3) | Colorectal cancer | Up | [91] |
SNORD25 (U25) | 18S-G1490 | SNHG1 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 1) | Multiple Myeloma | Up | [92] |
SNORD27 (U27) | 18S-A27 | SNHG1 | Multiple Myeloma | Up | [92] |
SNORD28 (U28) | 18S-C1391 | SNHG1 | Breast tumors | Up | [93] |
SNORD30 (U30) | 28S-A3804 18S-C1383 | SNHG1 | Multiple Myeloma | Up | [92] |
SNORD31 (U31) | 28S-G4166 | SNHG1 | Multiple Myeloma | Up | [92] |
SNORD32 (U32) | 28S-A1511 18S-G1328 | RPL13 (ribosomal protein L13) | Secondary plasma cell leukemia | Down | [54] |
SNORD33A (U33A) | 18S-U1326 | RPL13 | NSCLC | Up | [26] |
SNORD35A (U35A) | 28S-C4506 | RPL13 | Colorectal carcinomas, Head and neck cancer | Up | [87,89] |
SNORD35B (U35B) | 28S-C4506 | RPS11 (ribosomal protein S11) | Colorectal carcinomas, HNSCC | Up | [87,89] |
SNORD38A (U38A) SNORD38B (U38B) | 28S-A1858 | RPS8 (ribosomal protein S8) | ACL | Up | [85] |
SNORD43 (U43) | 18S-C1703 | RPL3 (ribosomal protein L3) | Breast cancer and HNSCC | Patient-specific variability | [25] |
SNORD44 (U44) | 18S-A166 | GAS5 (Growth arrest-specific transcript 5) | Breast cancer and HNSCC | Down | [25] |
SNORD48 (U48) | 28S-C2279 | KIF24 (Kinesin Family Member 24) | ACL | Up | [85] |
SNORD50A (U50) | 28S-C2848, 28S-G2863 | SNHG5 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 5) | Breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer | Down | [23,24,80] |
SNORD66 (HBII-142) | 18S-C1272 | EIF4G1 (Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, 1) | NSCLC | Up | [26] |
SNORD67 (HBII-166) | U6-C60 | CKAP5 (cytoskeleton associated protein 5) | TOF | Down | [61] |
SNORD71 (HBII-239) | 5.8S-U14 | AP1G1 (adaptor-related protein complex 1 subunit gamma 1) | T cell lymphoma | Down | [55] |
SNORD76 (U76) | 28S-A2350 | GAS5 | Hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma and NSCLC | Up in NSCLC | [94,95] |
SNORD78 (U78) | 28S-G4593 | GAS5 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up | [96] |
SNORD94 (U94) | U6-C62 | PTCD3 (pentatricopeptide repeat domain 3) | TOF | Down | [61] |
SNORD98 (HBII-419) | 18S-G867 | CCAR1 (cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator 1) | Colorectal cancer | Up | [91] |
SNORD105B | 18S-U799 | PPAN (peter pan homolog) | Gastric cancer | Up | [97] |
Guide RNA | Target snRNA Position | Host Gene | Disease Associated with the RNA | Level Compared to Normal | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
scaRNA2 (HBII-382) | U2-G25 and G61 | Independent transcriptional unit | Congenital heart defect and TOF | Down | [58,61] |
scaRNA9 (Z32) | U2-G19, A30 | Centrosomal Protein 295 | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and TOF | Down | [54,61] |
scaRNA17 (U91) | U4-C8 and U12-G22 | SNHG22 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 22) | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Down | [54,98] |
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Deogharia, M.; Majumder, M. Guide snoRNAs: Drivers or Passengers in Human Disease? Biology 2019, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8010001
Deogharia M, Majumder M. Guide snoRNAs: Drivers or Passengers in Human Disease? Biology. 2019; 8(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeogharia, Manisha, and Mrinmoyee Majumder. 2019. "Guide snoRNAs: Drivers or Passengers in Human Disease?" Biology 8, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8010001