Elevated Circulating TNF-α in Fat-Free Mass Non-Responders Compared to Responders Following Exercise Training in Older Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects
Responders (n = 30) | Non-Responders (n = 20) | G | T | G*T | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | p | p | p | |
Age (years) | 64.8 ± 3.6 | 65.2 ± 3.6 | 64.6 ± 3.2 | 65.1 ± 3.2 | 0.879 | 0.001 | 0.368 |
Weight (kg) | 72.1 ± 9.7 | 71.8 ± 9.7 | 75.1 ± 14.1 | 73.5 ± 11.6 | 0.468 | 0.025 | 0.112 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 3.9 | 26.6 ± 4.1 | 27.9 ± 3.3 | 27.4 ± 3.7 | 0.398 | 0.011 | 0.154 |
%fat | 43.1 ± 5.7 | 40.9 ± 5.9 | 41.5 ± 7 | 42.4 ± 5.9 | 0.974 | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Fat Mass (kg) | 31.1 ± 7.9 | 29.7 ± 8.0 | 32.4 ± 12.2 | 32.0 ± 9.5 | 0.493 | 0.045 | 0.240 |
Fat-Free Mass (kg) | 40.9 ± 3.6 | 42.2 ± 3.6 | 42.7 ± 3.5 | 41.5 ± 3.2 | 0.610 | 0.827 | 0.001 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 6.1 ± 2.3 | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7.5 ± 2.3 | 0.022 | 0.718 | 0.239 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.9 ± 0.91 | 1.6 ± 0.70 | 2.0 ± 2.3 | 2.2 ± 2.8 | 0.477 | 0.758 | 0.074 |
CRP (mg/L) | 3.2 ± 3.7 | 2.8 ± 2.9 | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 2.8 ± 2.7 | 0.715 | 0.772 | 0.344 |
Chest Press (kg) | 23.6 ± 6.4 | 27.1 ± 8.1 | 22 ± 3.9 | 27.4 ± 6.2 | 0.688 | 0.001 | 0.226 |
Shoulder Press (kg) | 23.8 ± 4.9 | 26.2 ± 5.4 | 23.4 ± 3.9 | 26.9 ± 4.4 | 0.868 | 0.001 | 0.177 |
Leg Press (kg) | 87.9 ± 26.1 | 110.7 ± 34.5 | 90.7 ± 16.3 | 111.8 ± 21.2 | 0.790 | 0.001 | 0.726 |
Knee Extension (kg) | 30.6 ± 8.9 | 38.1 ± 10 | 30.9 ± 6.3 | 35.8 ± 6.4 | 0.670 | 0.001 | 0.114 |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 23.4 ± 4.6 | 23.9 ± 4.9 | 21.8 ± 4.8 | 22.7 ± 4.6 | 0.379 | 0.172 | 0.665 |
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Strength Testing
2.4. Aerobic Capacity Testing
2.5. Resistance and Aerobic Training Program
2.6. Laboratory Analyses
2.7. Body Composition Measurements
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fisher, G.; Bickel, C.S.; Hunter, G.R. Elevated Circulating TNF-α in Fat-Free Mass Non-Responders Compared to Responders Following Exercise Training in Older Women. Biology 2014, 3, 551-559. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology3030551
Fisher G, Bickel CS, Hunter GR. Elevated Circulating TNF-α in Fat-Free Mass Non-Responders Compared to Responders Following Exercise Training in Older Women. Biology. 2014; 3(3):551-559. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology3030551
Chicago/Turabian StyleFisher, Gordon, C. Scott Bickel, and Gary R. Hunter. 2014. "Elevated Circulating TNF-α in Fat-Free Mass Non-Responders Compared to Responders Following Exercise Training in Older Women" Biology 3, no. 3: 551-559. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology3030551