An Investigation on the Effects of Dietary Vitamin E on Juvenile Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius): Growth, Intestinal Microbiota, Immune Response, and Related Gene Expression
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feeds and Feeding Procedures
2.2. Sampling
2.3. VE Content Analysis
2.4. Digestive Enzyme and Immune Enzyme Analysis
2.5. RNA Extraction and Real-Time Quantitative PCR
2.6. Microbial Diversity Analysis
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Digestive Enzyme Activities
3.3. Immune- and Antioxidation-Related Parameters
3.4. Immune-Related Gene Expression
3.5. Intestinal Microbiota
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients (%) | Experimental Feeds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E78 | E105 | E152 | E235 | E302 | E390 | |
Fish meal | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 |
Soybean meal a | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 |
Seaweed meal | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Ruppiaceae | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
Wheat bran b | 11.20 | 11.20 | 11.20 | 11.20 | 11.20 | 11.20 |
Wheat meal c | 29.50 | 29.49 | 29.48 | 29.47 | 29.46 | 29.45 |
Shell powder | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
Gelatin | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Vitamin E acetate | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Mineral premix d | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Calcium propionate | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Betaine | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Glycine | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Fish oil | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
Soybean lecithin | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Approximate analysis | ||||||
Crude lipid | 12.24 | 12.22 | 12.22 | 12.21 | 12.20 | 12.23 |
Crude protein | 25.79 | 25.84 | 25.87 | 25.84 | 25.85 | 25.82 |
Vitamin E (mg/kg) | 77.86 | 105.27 | 151.55 | 235.01 | 302.43 | 390.67 |
Gene | Sequence (5′–3′) | Reference |
---|---|---|
18S | F: GTTCGAAGGCGATCAGATAC R: CTGTCAATCCTCACTGTGTC | Zhou et al. [37]. |
COX-2 | F: GAGGTGGATAACCGATTGA R: AGCATTGCCCATAGAACAG | MH516324 |
NLR-6 | F: GTTCAGGGAGAGGCAGG R: CATGGGCGAGTGGTCAC | Chen et al. [38] |
TLR | F: TCAAATGGAGCCCGTATGTAGAG R: CTAATGTCCCCTGCTCTGCCA | Wang et al. [39] |
GPX | F: CGAGTTTGAGAAGCGTGGTG R: GGATCAGCTATGATTGGGTATGG | Ding et al. [40] |
GST | F: CTCGGAGATTCGCTCACCA R: GCTGGCTGGAGAAATGAACAA | Ding et al. [41] |
HSP70 | F: ACACTCATCTCGGAGGAG R: CTTTCTTATGCTTTCGCTTGA | Bai et al. [41] |
185/333-1 | F: GCTCTTGCTATCTCGGCTCAC R: AAGCGACCTTGTCCTCTCTCTCT | Wang et al. [42] |
LYZ | F: GAGACGGTACAGGGCTACA R: CGGGCAAAATCCTCACAAG | Ji et al. [43] |
AIF-1 | F: TCGAACGTGCAAGGTGGCAAG R: CGTCATTGTCATCGAGGTCTCCAC | MH516330 |
TNF-α | F: GCTGTAACGGCGTTCGTCTCC R: TGGTGTACTTGTGCTGGTTGTTGG | MH516331 |
Index | Dietary Treatments | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E78 | E105 | E152 | E235 | E302 | E390 | HD | |
Wi (g) | 3.66 ± 0.09 | 3.66 ± 0.25 | 3.97 ± 0.18 | 3.56 ± 0.15 | 3.90 ± 0.60 | 3.53 ± 0.09 | 3.98 ± 0.27 |
Wf (g) | 19.83 ± 0.80 b | 20.86 ± 1.35 ab | 21.57 ± 1.22 ab | 20.10 ± 1.27 ab | 21.78 ± 1.21 ab | 22.18 ± 1.10 ab | 24.17 ± 1.87 a |
WGR (%) | 335.1 ± 26.7 b | 380.1 ± 38.6 ab | 408.8 ± 38.0 ab | 409.1 ± 35.7 ab | 419.9 ± 34.0 ab | 395.6 ± 14.6 ab | 475.1 ± 54.9 a |
GM (g) | 2.97 ± 0.11 ab | 3.17 ± 0.37 a | 3.28 ± 0.20 a | 3.02 ± 0.25 ab | 3.26 ± 0.36 a | 2.64 ± 0.72 ab | 2.24 ± 0.25 b |
GSI (%) | 15.21 ± 0.36 a | 14.42 ± 0.90 a | 14.61 ± 0.61 a | 15.36 ± 0.37 a | 15.83 ± 0.56 a | 14.41 ± 0.26 a | 8.67 ± 0.56 b |
DM (g) | 1.15 ± 0.08 b | 1.39 ± 0.12 b | 1.21 ± 0.13 b | 1.11 ± 0.12 b | 1.32 ± 0.17 b | 1.12 ± 0.09 b | 1.81 ± 0.22 a |
DTI (%) | 5.80 ± 0.34 bc | 6.70 ± 0.18 a | 6.31 ± 0.33 bc | 6.04 ± 0.44 bc | 5.91 ± 0.30 bc | 5.55 ± 0.71 c | 7.62 ± 0.44 a |
Index | Dietary Treatments | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E78 | E105 | E152 | E235 | E302 | E390 | HD | |
Pepsin (U/mg prot) | 6.42 ± 0.33 a | 6.75 ± 0.20 a | 5.90 ± 0.21 a | 7.00 ± 0.33 a | 7.42 ± 0.91 a | 3.91 ± 0.55 b | 7.13 ± 0.57 a |
Lipase (U/g prot) | 5.99 ± 0.34 abc | 6.12 ± 0.19 abc | 6.23 ± 0.37 ab | 6.82 ± 0.20 a | 5.01 ± 0.44 cd | 4.63 ± 0.64 d | 5.58 ± 0.25 bcd |
Amylase (U/mg prot) | 3.61 ± 0.50 bc | 4.54 ± 0.97 ab | 5.04 ± 0.59 ab | 5.87 ± 0.52 a | 3.77 ± 0.49 bc | 3.28 ± 0.23 bc | 2.72 ± 0.60 c |
Cellulase (U/mg prot) | 18.83 ± 2.78 ab | 23.31 ± 0.48 a | 15.74 ± 0.96 bc | 15.79 ± 2.46 bc | 15.23 ± 1.84 bc | 11.35 ± 1.33 c | 22.13 ± 2.47 a |
Index | Dietary Treatments | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E78 | E105 | E152 | E235 | E302 | E390 | HD | |
LYZ (U/mL) | 168.54 ± 29.00 a | 129.59 ± 16.93 a | 112.35 ± 1.98 ab | 163.29 ± 23.94 a | 154.49 ± 9.05 a | 155.06 ± 31.19 a | 57.98 ± 7.96 c |
AKP (U/100 mL) | 1.27 ± 0.24 a | 0.81 ± 0.12 bc | 0.64 ± 0.12 bc | 0.99 ± 0.11 ab | 0.65 ± 0.31 bc | 0.66 ± 0.08 bc | 0.41 ± 0.03 c |
ACP (U/100 mL) | 3.06 ± 0.36 a | 1.52 ± 0.18 bc | 1.07 ± 0.02 bc | 2.29 ± 0.13 ab | 1.96 ± 0.44 ab | 1.99 ± 0.62 ab | 0.64 ± 0.05 d |
SOD (U/mL) | 57.27 ± 2.81 a | 47.96 ± 2.50 b | 47.46 ± 2.16 b | 53.85 ± 1.79 ab | 48.27 ± 1.11 b | 48.40 ± 2.11 b | 53.45 ± 0.50 ab |
CAT (U/mL) | 0.80 ± 0.03 a | 0.51 ± 0.08 bc | 0.36 ± 0.00 d | 0.39 ± 0.05 cd | 0.62 ± 0.03 b | 0.55 ± 0.02 b | 0.63 ± 0.05 ab |
GST (U/mL) | 12.70 ± 0.28 a | 8.61 ± 1.72 b | 3.12 ± 0.18 c | 7.33 ± 0.64 b | 7.64 ± 0.37 b | 8.85 ± 0.58 b | 11.92 ± 0.38 a |
GPX (U/mL) | 24.74 ± 1.47 a | 19.71 ± 1.23 b | 14.89 ± 1.15 c | 21.60 ± 0.76 ab | 21.71 ± 0.39 ab | 22.79 ± 0.58 ab | 23.79 ± 0.52 a |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 0.64 ± 0.09 b | 0.47 ± 0.02 bc | 0.61 ± 0.04 b | 0.90 ± 0.06 a | 0.53 ± 0.03 b | 0.55 ± 0.03 b | 0.33 ± 0.07 c |
Phylum | Dietary Treatments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
E78 | E152 | E390 | HD | |
Proteobacteria | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.71 ± 0.03 a | 0.71 ± 0.05 a | 0.75 ± 0.01 a |
Firmicutes | 0.32 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 0.09 ± 0.02 b |
Actinobacteria | 0.10 ± 0.03 ab | 0.08 ± 0.02 ab | 0.12 ± 0.03 a | 0.06 ± 0.00 b |
Bacteroidetes | 0.18 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b |
Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes | 1.88 ± 0.18 b | 3.37 ± 0.20 ab | 4.14 ± 0.81 a | 2.48 ± 0.51 ab |
Genus | Dietary Treatments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
E78 | E152 | E390 | HD | |
Ruegeria | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.35 ± 0.03 b | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 0.47 ± 0.01 a |
Phaeobacter | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.14 ± 0.03 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 b |
Rhodococcus | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 b |
Maliponia | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 b |
Escherichia-Shigella | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
Bacteroides | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
Clostridium sensu stricto1 | 0.06 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
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Li, M.; Gou, D.; Gong, P.; Di, W.; Wang, L.; Ding, J.; Chang, Y.; Zuo, R. An Investigation on the Effects of Dietary Vitamin E on Juvenile Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius): Growth, Intestinal Microbiota, Immune Response, and Related Gene Expression. Biology 2023, 12, 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12121523
Li M, Gou D, Gong P, Di W, Wang L, Ding J, Chang Y, Zuo R. An Investigation on the Effects of Dietary Vitamin E on Juvenile Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius): Growth, Intestinal Microbiota, Immune Response, and Related Gene Expression. Biology. 2023; 12(12):1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12121523
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Min, Dan Gou, Panke Gong, Weixiao Di, Lina Wang, Jun Ding, Yaqing Chang, and Rantao Zuo. 2023. "An Investigation on the Effects of Dietary Vitamin E on Juvenile Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius): Growth, Intestinal Microbiota, Immune Response, and Related Gene Expression" Biology 12, no. 12: 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12121523