Seaweed’s Role in Energetic Transition—From Environmental Pollution Challenges to Enhanced Electrochemical Devices
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Critical Raw Materials Demand
Seaweed-Based Strategies for the Recovery of Critical Raw Materials
3. Electronic Devices’ End of Life—What Next?
Seaweed-Based Strategies for Heavy Metal Bioremediation and Recycling
4. Energy-Storage Devices in the 21st Century
Seaweed—A New Source of Carbons for Electrochemical Applications
5. Final Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antimony | Coking Coal | LREEs * | PGMs * | Tungsten |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baryte | Fluorspar | Indium | Phosphate rock | Vanadium |
Beryllium | Gallium | Magnesium | Phosphorus | Bauxite |
Bismuth | Germanium | Natural Graphite | Scandium | Lithium |
Borate | Hafnium | Natural Rubber | Silicon metal | Titanium |
Cobalt | HREEs * | Niobium | Tantalum | Strontium |
Seaweed | Metal | Maximum Uptake Capacity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Cystoseira indica (xanthated) | La | 38.26 mg/g | [16] |
Cystoseira indica (xanthated) | Ce | 41.44 mg/g | [16] |
Fucus spiralis (live) | Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy | ranging from 37% to 61% | [17] |
Fucus vesiculosus (live) | La, Ce and Eu | >60% | [18] |
Fucus vesiculosus (live) | Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy | 55–74% | [17] |
Gracilaria gracilis (live) | La, Ce, Pr, Gd, and Nd | >60% | [18] |
Gracilaria gracilis (live) | Y, Ce, Nd, Eu and La. | 100% | [19] |
Gracilaria sp. (live) | Eu | >85% | [20] |
Gracilaria sp. | Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy | ranging from 60 to 93% | [17] |
Gracilaria sp. (live) | Nd | >90% | [21] |
Hypnea valentiae | Co | 47.44 mg/g | [22] |
Osmundea pinnatifida (live) | La, Ce | >60% | [18] |
Osmundea pinnatifida (live) | Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy | ranging from 35 to 61% | [17] |
Posidonia oceanica | Sc | 66.81 mg/g | [23] |
Ulva intestinalis (live) | La, Ce | >60% | [18] |
Ulva intestinalis (live) | Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy | ranging from 63 to 88% | [17] |
Ulva lactuca (live) | Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy | >60% | [18] |
Ulva lactuca (live) | Eu | >85% | [20] |
Ulva lactuca (live) | Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy | ranging from 80 to 98% | [17] |
Ulva sp. (live) | Nd | >90% | [21] |
Seaweed | Metal | Maximum Uptake Capacity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Ascophyllum nodosum | Zn(II) | 2.34 mmol/g | [42] |
Ascophyllum nodosum | Cu(II) | 20.00 mg/L | [43] |
Caulerpa fastigiata | Cd(II) | 16.48 mg/g (92.01%) | [44] |
Caulerpa racemosa | Cr | 20% | [45] |
Caulerpa racemosa | Cu | 43% | [45] |
Chaetomorpha sp., Polysiphonia sp., Ulva sp. and Cystoseira sp. (combined) | Zn(II) | 115.20 mg/g | [46] |
Codium vermilara | Cu(II) | >85% | [47] |
Colpomenia sinuosa | Ni(II) Pb(II) Cd(II) | 89% | [48] |
Cystoseira indica | Cu(II) | 30.86 mg/g | [49] |
Cystoseira indica | U(VI) | 250.00 mg/L | [50] |
Cystoseira indica | Fe(II) | 900.00 mg/L | [50] |
Cystoseira indica | Th(VI) | 90.00 mg/L | [51] |
Enteromorpha prolifera | Cr(VI) | 95.25 mg/g | [52] |
Enteromorpha sp. | Cr(VI) | 5.35 mg/g | [53] |
Enteromorpha sp. | Hg | 5.357 mg/g | [54] |
Eucheuma denticulatum | Pb(II) | 81.87 mg/g | [55] |
Eucheuma denticulatum | Cu(II) | 66.23 mg/g | [55] |
Eucheuma denticulatum | Fe(II) | 51.02 mg/g | [55] |
Eucheuma denticulatum | Zn(II) | 43.48 mg/g | [55] |
Fucus spiralis | Zn(II) | 2.04 mmol/g | [42] |
Fucus spiralis (waste) | Pb(II) | 132.00 mg/g | [56] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Zn(II) | 400.00 mg/L | [57] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Cd | 22–76% | [58] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Pb | 65% | [58] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Pb | 86% | [59] |
Fucus vesiculosus (live seaweed) | Hg | 95% | [58] |
Gracilaria changii | Fe(II) | 45% | [60] |
Gracilaria changii | Cr(VI) | 35% | [60] |
Gracilaria changii | Ni(II) | 30% | [60] |
Gracilaria spp. | Cu(II) | 42% | [61] |
Halimeda tuna | Cu(II) | 17.92 mg/g | [49] |
Lyengaria stellata | Cu(II) | 46.29 mg/g | [49] |
Jania rubens | Ni(II) Pb(II) Cd(II) | 91% | [48] |
Laminaria hyperborea | Zn(II) | 2.22 mmol/g | [42] |
Laminaria hyperborea | Cu(II) | 2.50 mg/L | [62] |
Laminaria hyperborea | Zn(II) | 4.30 mg/L | [62] |
Laminaria hyperborea | Ni(II) | 4.20 mg/L | [62] |
Laminaria hyperborea | Zn(II) | 21.5 mg/L | [63] |
Lobophora variegata | Cu(II) | 38.02 mg/g | [49] |
Pelvetia caniculata | Cr(VI) | 2.10 mmol/g | [64] |
Pelvetia caniculata | Zn(II) | 1373.00 mg/L | [64] |
Pelvetia caniculata | Fe(II) | 44.70 mg/L | [64] |
Pelvetia caniculata | Zn(II) | 2.22 mmol/g | [42] |
Sargassum cinereum | Cu(II) | 34.01 mg/g | [49] |
Sargassum dentifolium | Cr(VI) | ~100% | [65] |
Sargassum filipendula | Cd(II) | 103.50 mg/g | [66] |
Sargassum filipendula | Ni(II) | 34.30 mg/g | [66] |
Sargassum filipendula | Pb(II) | 96% | [67] |
Sargassum filipendula | Ag(I) | 0.39 mmol/g | [68] |
Sargassum filipendula | Cu(II) | 0.64 mmol/g | [68] |
Sargassum filipendula | Pb(II) | 367.94 mg/g | [66] |
Sargassum filipendula | Pb(II) | 285.00 mg/g | [67] |
Sargassum glaucescens | As(III) | 207.30 mg/g | [69] |
Sargassum glaucescens | As(III) | 116.60 mg/g | [69] |
Sargassum glaucescens | As(V) | 207.30 mg/g | [69] |
Sargassum glaucescens | As(V) | 116.00 mg/g | [69] |
Sargassum polycystum | Cd(II) | 105.26 mg/g | [70] |
Sargassum polycystum | Zn(II) | 116.20 mg/g | [70] |
Sargassum sp. | Cd(II) | 2.89 mg/g (95%) | [71] |
Sargassum sp. | Zn(II) | 1.85 mg/g (90%) | [71] |
Sargassum sp. | Cu(II) | 95% | [61] |
Sargassum tenerrimum | Cu(II) | 39.84 mg/g | [49] |
Sargassum vulgare | Fe(III) | 20.82 mg/g | [72] |
Ulva compressa | Cd(II) | 95% | [73] |
Ulva fasciata | Cd(II) | ~100% | [74] |
Ulva lactuca | Cu(II) | 60.97 mg/g | [49] |
Ulva lactuca | Cr | 62% | [45] |
Ulva lactuca | Cu | 70% | [45] |
Ulva lactuca | Hg | 96–99% | [59] |
Ulva lactuca | Pb | 86% | [59] |
Ulva lactuca | Cd | <20% | [59] |
Ulva lactuca | Ni(II) Cd(II) Pb(II) | 85% | [48] |
Ulva lactuca | Cd(II) | 62.5 mg/g | [75] |
Ulva lactuca | Pb(II) | 68.9 mg/g | [75] |
Ulva lactuca | Cr(III) | 60.9 mg/g | [75] |
Ulva lactuca | Cu(II) | 64.5 mg/g | [75] |
Ulva lactuca (live seaweed) | Hg | 98% | [76] |
Ulva lactuca (live seaweed) | Pb | 87% | [76] |
Ulva lactuca (live seaweed) | Cu | 86% | [76] |
Ulva lactuca (live seaweed) | Ni | 77% | [76] |
Ulva lactuca (live seaweed) | Mn | 74% | [76] |
Ulva lactuca (live seaweed) | Cr | 72% | [76] |
Ulva lactuca (live seaweed) | Cd | 56% | [76] |
Ulva lactuca (live seaweed) | As | 48% | [76] |
Ulva ohnoi | Cd | 81% | [77] |
Ulva sp. | Zn | 29.63 mg/g | [78] |
Ulva spp. | Cu(II) | 65% | [61] |
Seaweed | Metal | Maximum Uptake Capacity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Ascophyllum nodosum biochar | Cu(II) | 223.00 mg/g (>99% removal) | [85] |
Enteromorpha prolifera (magnetically modified biochar) | Cr(VI) | 88.17 mg/g | [86] |
Enteromorpha prolifera (H3PO4 modified biochar) | Cd(II) | 423.00 mg/g | [87] |
Enteromorpha sp biochar | Cu(II) | 91% | [88] |
Enteromorpha sp biochar | Pb(II) | 54% | [88] |
Gracilaria sp. waste (Fe biochar) | As | 62.50 mg/g | [89] |
Gracilaria sp. waste (Fe biochar) | Mo | 78.50 mg/g | [89] |
Gracilaria sp. waste (Fe biochar) | Se | 14.90 mg/g | [89] |
Hizikia sp. (engineered biochar) | Cd(II) | 19.40 mg/g | [90] |
Hizikia sp. (engineered biochar) | Cu(II) | 47.75 mg/g | [90] |
Hizikia sp. (engineered biochar) | Zn(II) | 19.13 mg/g | [90] |
Hizikia fusiformis biochar | Ni(II) | 12.10 mg/g | [91] |
Hizikia fusiformis biochar | Zn(II) | 22.20 mg/g | [91] |
Hizikia fusiformis biochar | Cu(II) | 2.24 mg/g | [91] |
Hizikia fusiformis biochar | Ld(II) | 2.89 mg/g | [91] |
Hizikia fusiformis biochar | Cd(II) | 22.00 mg/g | [91] |
Kelp (engineered biochar) | Cd(II) | 23.16 mg/g | [90] |
Kelp (engineered biochar) | Cu(II) | 55.86 mg/g | [90] |
Kelp (engineered biochar) | Zn(II) | 22.22 mg/g | [90] |
Kelp biochar | Cr(III) | 39.16 mg/g (91.13%) | [92] |
Oedogonium sp. (Fe biochar) | Mo | 67.40 mg/g | [89] |
Oedogonium sp. (Fe biochar) | As | 80.70 mg/g | [89] |
Oedogonium sp. (Fe biochar) | Se | 36.80 mg/g | [89] |
Porphyra tenera biochar | Cu(II) | 75.10 mg/g | [93] |
Porphyra tenera biochar (steam activated) | Cu(II) | ~78.00 mg/g | [93] |
Porphyra tenera biochar (KOH-activated) | Cu(II) | 75.10 mg/g | [93] |
Saccharina japonica biochar | Cu(II | 98.60 mg/g (>98%) | [94] |
Saccharina japonica biochar | Cd(II) | 60.70 mg/g (>98%) | [94] |
Saccharina japonica biochar | Zn(II) | 84.30 mg/g (>98%) | [94] |
Sargassum fusiforme biochar | Cu(II | 94.10 mg/g (>86%) | [94] |
Sargassum fusiforme biochar | Cd(II) | 37.20 mg/g (>86%) | [94] |
Sargassum fusiforme biochar | Zn(II) | 43.00 mg/g (>86%) | [94] |
Sargassum sp. | Hg | 7.41 mg/g | [54] |
Turbinaria turbinata biochar | Cr(VI) | 12.60 mg/g | [95] |
Ulva compressa biochar (steam activated) | Cu(II) | 137.00 mg/g | [96] |
Ulva lactuca KOH activated carbon | Cu (II) | 84.70 mg/g | [75] |
Ulva lactuca KOH activated carbon | Cr(III) | 81.90 mg/g | [75] |
Ulva lactuca KOH activated carbon | Cd(II) | 84.60 mg/g | [75] |
Ulva lactuca KOH activated carbon | Pb(II) | 83.30 mg/g | [75] |
Ulva lactuca biochar | Pb(II) | 3.49 mg/g | [97] |
Ulva reticulata biochar | Ar (V) | 8.12 mg/g | [98] |
Seaweed | Preparation of Seaweed Biochar | Main Achievements | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Ascophyllum nodosum |
|
| [108] |
Cladophora glomerata |
|
| [109] |
Enteromorpha clathrate |
|
| [110] |
Enteromorpha prolifera |
|
| [111] |
Enteromorpha prolifera |
|
| [112] |
Enteromorpha prolifera |
|
| [113] |
Enteromorpha prolifera |
|
| [114] |
Enteromorpha prolifera |
|
| [115] |
Enteromorpha sp. |
|
| [116] |
Kelp |
|
| [117] |
Kelp |
|
| [118] |
Kelp |
|
| [119] |
Laminaria japonica |
|
| [120] |
Laminaria japonica |
|
| [121] |
Lessonia trabeculata |
|
| [122] |
Nori |
|
| [123] |
Porphyra sp. |
|
| [124] |
Sargassum muticum |
|
| [125] |
Sargassum sp. |
|
| [126] |
Sargassum sp. |
|
| [127] |
Sargassum spp. |
|
| [128] |
Sargassum wightii |
|
| [129] |
Turbinaria cunoides |
|
| [130] |
Ulva fasciata |
|
| [131] |
Ulva lactuca |
|
| [132] |
Brown seaweed |
|
| [133] |
Seaweed Biomass |
|
| [134] |
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Pinteus, S.; Susano, P.; Alves, C.; Silva, J.; Martins, A.; Pedrosa, R. Seaweed’s Role in Energetic Transition—From Environmental Pollution Challenges to Enhanced Electrochemical Devices. Biology 2022, 11, 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030458
Pinteus S, Susano P, Alves C, Silva J, Martins A, Pedrosa R. Seaweed’s Role in Energetic Transition—From Environmental Pollution Challenges to Enhanced Electrochemical Devices. Biology. 2022; 11(3):458. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030458
Chicago/Turabian StylePinteus, Susete, Patrícia Susano, Celso Alves, Joana Silva, Alice Martins, and Rui Pedrosa. 2022. "Seaweed’s Role in Energetic Transition—From Environmental Pollution Challenges to Enhanced Electrochemical Devices" Biology 11, no. 3: 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030458