Deep-Dwelling Populations of Mediterranean Corallium rubrum and Eunicella cavolini: Distribution, Demography, and Co-Occurrence
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. ROV Surveys—Data Acquisition
2.3. Image Analysis
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Corallium Rubrum: Occupancy, Density, and Population Size Structure
3.2. Eunicella cavolini: Occupancy, Density, and Population Size Structure
3.3. Co-Occurrence of C. rubrum with E. cavolini
4. Discussion
4.1. Distribution and Population Structure of Deep-Dwelling C. rubrum
4.2. Demography of Deep-Dwelling E. cavolini
4.3. Patterns of Co-Occurrence between Red Coral and Yellow Gorgonian in the Deep Mediterranean Sea
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Geographic Area | Site | Dive ID Number | Depth Range (m) | Coordinates | Surveyed Area (m2) | N Frames | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lat (N) | Long (E) | ||||||
North-east | Canyon Caprera | 9 | 112–220 | 41°17′427″ | 9°37′481″ | 52 | 10 |
Canyon Caprera | 10 | 127–190 | 41°18′357″ | 9°38′021″ | 84 | 28 | |
Canyon Caprera | 14 | 121–165 | 41°20′433″ | 9°38′121″ | 1068 | 79 | |
Canyon Mortorio | 11 | 51–123 | 41°04′217″ | 9°47′899″ | 107 | 87 | |
Canyon Mortorio | 12 | 110–152 | 41°04′152″ | 9°47′845″ | 140 | 114 | |
Canyon Mortorio | 13 | 126–163 | 41°04′200″ | 9°48′224″ | 122 | 48 | |
Pietrame | 7 | 144–150 | 40°43′080″ | 9°49′933″ | 86 | 35 | |
Canyon Tavolara | 8 | 106–190 | 40°55′169″ | 9°54′140″ | 456 | 69 | |
Canyon Tavolara | 15 | 90–103 | 40°54′858″ | 9°53′592″ | 97 | 20 | |
Canyon Tavolara | 16 | 107–170 | 40°54′860″ | 9°54′041″ | 225 | 63 | |
Canyon Tavolara | 17 | 158–290 | 40°54′768″ | 9°54′908″ | 264 | 70 | |
Central-east | Canyon Orosei | 2 | 76–120 | 40°21′825″ | 9°53′670″ | 661 | 89 |
Canyon Orosei | 4 | 96–120 | 40°21′767″ | 9°53′657″ | 18 | 5 | |
Canyon Orosei | 5 | 156–187 | 40°21′692″ | 9°53′950″ | 171 | 57 | |
Cala Gonone Shoal | 19 | 54–217 | 40°17′544″ | 9°40′252″ | 71 | 32 | |
Canyon Arbatax | 20 | 108–147 | 39°58′136″ | 9°43′734″ | 73 | 14 | |
Canyon Arbatax | 21 | 121–181 | 39°58′080″ | 9°43′770″ | 213 | 43 | |
South-west | Secchitella | 33 | 143–156 | 39°10′122″ | 8°06′133″ | 78 | 25 |
Bancotto | 29 | 108–140 | 38°44′425″ | 8°29′025″ | 208 | 49 |
Area | Site | Depth Range (m) | Colony Density (col/m2) | Height (cm) | Basal Diameter (mm) | Max Order Branches | Orientation of Colonies (%) | Colonies Occurring with E. cavolini (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 45° | 90° | 135° | 180° | ||||||||
North-East | Canyon Caprera | 116–152 | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 5.3 ± 4.4 | 0.84 ± 0.41 | fifth | 0 | 0 | 30 | 56 | 14 | 85 |
Canyon Mortorio | 108–146 | 6.9 ± 8.7 | 6.14.9 | 0.95 ± 0.37 | fourth | 6 | 6 | 55 | 31 | 2 | 19 | |
Pietrame | 145–149 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 9.4 ± 6.8 | 1.70 ± 0.90 | fourth | 0 | 0 | 21 | 48 | 31 | 93 | |
Canyon Tavolara | 108–257 | 3.7 ± 3.6 | 6.5 ± 4.6 | 1.04 ± 0.56 | fourth | 0 | 1 | 30 | 62 | 7 | 29 | |
Central-East | Canyon Orosei | 91–176 | 6.2 ± 10.8 | 8.5 ± 6.9 | 1.34 ± 0.90 | third | 0 | 1 | 13 | 63 | 23 | 37 |
Cala Gonone Shoal | 132 | 4 * | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 0.75 * | third | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 100 | |
Canyon Arbatax | 131–148 | 8.1 ± 7.5 | 10.8 ± 4 | 1.91 ± 0.24 | na | 0 | 4 | 50 | 44 | 2 | 0 | |
South-west | Secchitella | 148–152 | 1.6 ± 2.1 | 7.9 ± 9.1 | 0.76 ± 0.56 | third | 0 | 11 | 22 | 56 | 11 | 19 |
Bancotto | 112–123 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 13.9 ± 14.9 | 0.86 ± 0.28 | fifth | 9 | 6 | 42 | 26 | 17 | 34 |
(A) Variable | Source | df | MS | Pseudo-F | p (MC) |
Density | Ar | 2 | 69.010 | 1.022 | ns |
Si(Ar) | 6 | 53.380 | 0.443 | ns | |
Pr(Si(Ar)) | 7 | 138.100 | 1.799 | ns | |
Residual | 233 | 76.720 | |||
Total | 248 | ||||
Height | Ar | 2 | 174.170 | 3.362 | * |
Si(Ar) | 6 | 56.693 | 0.351 | ns | |
Pr(Si(Ar)) | 7 | 233.400 | 6.345 | *** | |
Residual | 433 | 36.785 | |||
Total | 448 | ||||
Basal diameter | Ar | 2 | 0.430 | 1.0020 | ns |
Si(Ar) | 6 | 0.542 | 0.859 | ns | |
Pr(Si(Ar)) | 7 | 0.786 | 2.162 | * | |
Residual | 251 | 0.364 | |||
Total | 266 | ||||
Maximum branching level | Ar | 2 | 3.027 | 1.627 | ns |
Si(Ar) | 6 | 5.701 | 1.795 | ns | |
Pr(Si(Ar)) | 7 | 3.988 | 5.186 | *** | |
Residual | 1352 | 0.769 | |||
Total | 1367 | ||||
Colony orientation | Ar | 2 | 1899.5 | 0.480 | ns |
Si(Ar) | 6 | 14543 | 1.551 | ns | |
Pr(Si(Ar)) | 7 | 12243 | 13.546 | *** | |
Residual | 1352 | 903.82 | |||
Total | 1367 | ||||
(B) Variable | Source | df | MS | Pseudo-F | p (MC) |
Density | Ar | 2 | 3.295 | 0.145 | ns |
Si(Ar) | 7 | 30.741 | 0.967 | ns | |
Pr(Si(Ar)) | 8 | 42.990 | 2.412 | ** | |
Residual | 274 | 17.822 | |||
Total | 291 | ||||
Height | Ar | 2 | 101.430 | 0.812 | ns |
Si(Ar) | 7 | 130.450 | 1.043 | ns | |
Pr(Si(Ar)) | 8 | 128.550 | 1.052 | ns | |
Residual | 246 | 122.250 | |||
Total | 263 | ||||
Colony orientation | Ar | 2 | 4606.100 | 0.360 | ns |
Si(Ar) | 7 | 44923.000 | 7.227 | *** | |
Pr(Si(Ar)) | 8 | 16681.000 | 9.614 | *** | |
Residual | 1426 | 1735.100 | |||
Total | 1443 |
Area | Site | Depth Range (m) | Colony Density (col/m2) | Height (cm) | Orientation of Colonies (%) | Colonies Occurring with C. rubrum (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 45° | 90° | 135° | 180° | ||||||
North-East | Canyon Caprera | 122–152 | 4.5 ± 5.6 | 19.1 ± 10.4 | 30 | 18 | 32 | 20 | 0 | 55 |
Canyon Mortorio | 109–151 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 24.9 ± 12.3 | 3 | 22 | 49 | 27 | 0 | 18 | |
Pietrame | 142–149 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 21.2 ± 7.7 | 0 | 17 | 41 | 41 | 2 | 67 | |
Canyon Tavolara | 109–199 | 2.5 ± 6 | 18.5 ± 9.5 | 22 | 15 | 54 | 9 | 0 | 40 | |
Central-East | Canyon Orosei | 76–187 | 2.5 ± 3.6 | 24.1 ± 13.6 | 5 | 7 | 48 | 39 | 1 | 14 |
Cala Gonone Shoal | 114–175 | 3.6 ± 4.6 | 26.9 ± 12.5 | 0 | 11 | 78 | 11 | 0 | 7 | |
South-west | Secchitella | 149–152 | 3.5 ± 4.3 | 10.9 ± 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 74 | 21 | 42 |
Bancotto | 108–126 | 2.6 ± 2.8 | 24.8 ± 11.4 | 74 | 23 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
Variables | R2 | p-Value | Prop. (%) | Cumul. (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(A) C. rubrum density | ||||
Density of E. cavolini | 0.267 | *** | 26.7 | 26.7 |
Depth | 0.299 | * | 3.2 | 29.9 |
Height of E. cavolini | 0.299 | ns | 0.04 | 29.9 |
(B) E. cavolini density | ||||
Density of C. rubrum | 0.194 | *** | 19.4 | 19.4 |
Depth | 0.227 | * | 3.3 | 22.7 |
Height of C. rubrum | 0.231 | ns | 0.4 | 23.1 |
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Carugati, L.; Moccia, D.; Bramanti, L.; Cannas, R.; Follesa, M.C.; Salvadori, S.; Cau, A. Deep-Dwelling Populations of Mediterranean Corallium rubrum and Eunicella cavolini: Distribution, Demography, and Co-Occurrence. Biology 2022, 11, 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020333
Carugati L, Moccia D, Bramanti L, Cannas R, Follesa MC, Salvadori S, Cau A. Deep-Dwelling Populations of Mediterranean Corallium rubrum and Eunicella cavolini: Distribution, Demography, and Co-Occurrence. Biology. 2022; 11(2):333. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020333
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarugati, Laura, Davide Moccia, Lorenzo Bramanti, Rita Cannas, Maria Cristina Follesa, Susanna Salvadori, and Alessandro Cau. 2022. "Deep-Dwelling Populations of Mediterranean Corallium rubrum and Eunicella cavolini: Distribution, Demography, and Co-Occurrence" Biology 11, no. 2: 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020333
APA StyleCarugati, L., Moccia, D., Bramanti, L., Cannas, R., Follesa, M. C., Salvadori, S., & Cau, A. (2022). Deep-Dwelling Populations of Mediterranean Corallium rubrum and Eunicella cavolini: Distribution, Demography, and Co-Occurrence. Biology, 11(2), 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020333