Gut–Liver Axis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Vicious Circle of Dysfunctions Orchestrated by the Gut Microbiome
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in NAFLD and Obesity
3. Gut–Liver Axis and NAFLD
3.1. Intestinal Permeability: The Leaky Gut
3.2. Endotoxins and Inflammation
3.3. Metabolites Produced by the Gut Microbiome
3.3.1. Endogenous Ethanol
3.3.2. Choline
3.3.3. Bile Acids
3.3.4. Short-Chain Fatty Acids
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pezzino, S.; Sofia, M.; Faletra, G.; Mazzone, C.; Litrico, G.; La Greca, G.; Latteri, S. Gut–Liver Axis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Vicious Circle of Dysfunctions Orchestrated by the Gut Microbiome. Biology 2022, 11, 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111622
Pezzino S, Sofia M, Faletra G, Mazzone C, Litrico G, La Greca G, Latteri S. Gut–Liver Axis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Vicious Circle of Dysfunctions Orchestrated by the Gut Microbiome. Biology. 2022; 11(11):1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111622
Chicago/Turabian StylePezzino, Salvatore, Maria Sofia, Gloria Faletra, Chiara Mazzone, Giorgia Litrico, Gaetano La Greca, and Saverio Latteri. 2022. "Gut–Liver Axis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Vicious Circle of Dysfunctions Orchestrated by the Gut Microbiome" Biology 11, no. 11: 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111622
APA StylePezzino, S., Sofia, M., Faletra, G., Mazzone, C., Litrico, G., La Greca, G., & Latteri, S. (2022). Gut–Liver Axis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Vicious Circle of Dysfunctions Orchestrated by the Gut Microbiome. Biology, 11(11), 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111622