The Effects of Experimental Whole-Body Burning on Histological Age-at-Death Estimation from Human Cortical Bone and Dental Cementum
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. The Use of Skeletal Histology in Applied Contexts
1.1.1. Human vs. Nonhuman Differentiation
1.1.2. Age-at-Death Estimation
1.2. The Effect of Thermal Alteration on Skeletal Histology
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.1.1. Bone Samples
2.1.2. Dental Samples
2.2. Cortical Histomorphometric Analysis
2.3. Cortical Age-at-Death Analysis
2.4. Dental Age-at-Death Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Thermocouple Readings
3.2. Cortical Bone Histomorphometric Analysis
3.2.1. Donor 1 (D1)
3.2.2. Donor 2 (D2)
3.2.3. Donor 3 (D3)
3.2.4. Donor 4 (D4)
3.2.5. Donor 5 (D5)
3.2.6. Donor 6 (D6)
3.3. Cortical Age-at-Death Estimation
3.3.1. Crowder and Dominguez [25] Femur Aging Method
3.3.2. Cho et al. [29] Rib Aging Method
3.3.3. Dental Age Estimation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Donor Number and Description | Sex | Age | Fire-Death Scenario |
---|---|---|---|
D1 Car Donor | F | 84 | Car |
D2 Fresh Pit Donor | F | 81 | Pit, Fresh |
D3 Pod Donor 1 | F | 74 | Pod 1, Couch |
D4 Pod Donor 2 | F | 61 | Pod 2, Bed |
D5 Pod Donor 3 | M | 65 | Pod 3, Bed |
D6 Mummified Pit Donor | F | 67 | Pit, Mummified |
Level | Stage | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Recognizable | Typically smoke death |
2 | Possibly recognizable | Charring on elements such as hand/feet, genitalia |
3 | Non-recognizable | Major destruction of head and extremities |
4 | Extensive burn destruction | Skull and extremities are severely fragmented or missing |
5 | Cremation | Little or no tissue remains |
Donor | Pre-Burn Bone Samples | Pre-burn tooth samples | Post-Burn Bone Samples | Post-Burn Tooth Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | N/A | Femur, Rib | N/A |
D2 | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | N/A | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | 14, 11, 43 |
D3 | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | N/A | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | 23, 32 |
D4 | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | N/A | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | 21, 23, 25 |
D5 | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | N/A | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | 43, 44, 45 |
D6 | Femur, Rib, Metatarsal | N/A | Femur | N/A |
Donor | Mouth (Middle) | Mouth (Side) | 6th Rib | Elbow | Thigh | Shin | Calf | Foot | Structure | Burn Duration (min) | Mean Burn Temp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 801.8 | 795.2 | 1273.0 | 880.5 | 1053.8 | 1390.4 | 959.3 | 1384.6 | 1115.7 | 42 | 487.7 |
D2 | 549.3 | 667.3 | 955.7 | 923.8 | 718.3 | 823.0 | 314.5 | 987.6 | 1036.6 | 53 | 206.6 |
D3 | 821.3 | 860.8 | 324.4 | 307.6 | 440.4 | 931.4 | 885.6 | 781.0 | 880.5 | 32 | 193.0 |
D4 | 479.2 | 457.6 | 532.0 | 83.5 | 29.8 | 105.8 | 731.2 | 827.2 | 832.8 | 32 | 152.0 |
D5 | 1034.8 | 1072.0 | 25.8 | 452.4 | 45.9 | 756.0 | 684.4 | 817.5 | 1070.4 | 21 | 251.2 |
D6 | 935.6 | 924.5 | 1074.1 | 1014.0 | 1045.3 | 1020.8 | 1014.6 | 1063.2 | 1080.2 | 53 | 352.9 |
Donor | Body Score |
---|---|
D1 | 4 |
D2 | 3 |
D3 | 2 |
D4 | 2 |
D5 | 2 |
D6 | 5 |
Donor | Element | Number of Osteons Measured | Pre-Burn | Post-Burn | On.Ar t Statistic (df) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Standard Deviation | Mean | Standard Deviation | ||||
D1 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 19 39 0 | 0.042 0.027 N/A | 0.017 0.010 N/A | 0.055 0.020 N/A | 0.019 0.009 N/A | −2.7 (18) * 2.31 (39) * N/A |
D2 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 29 21 0 | 0.035 0.033 N/A | 0.010 0.014 N/A | 0.040 0.034 N/A | 0.010 0.013 N/A | −1.8 (28) −0.22 (20) N/A |
D3 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 40 49 39 | 0.030 0.025 0.020 | 0.010 0.010 0.010 | 0.030 0.025 0.030 | 0.010 0.012 0.010 | −0.23 (39) 0.04 (48) −3.46 (38) ** |
D4 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 40 41 41 | 0.045 0.030 0.035 | 0.014 0.020 0.011 | 0.049 0.030 0.033 | 0.021 0.010 0.011 | −0.71 (39) −0.73 (40) 0.83 (40) |
D5 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 40 42 39 | 0.050 0.030 0.038 | 0.020 0.010 0.020 | 0.050 0.030 0.030 | 0.020 0.010 0.010 | −0.14 (39) −0.53 (41) 1.69 (38) |
D6 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 21 0 0 | 0.056 N/A N/A | 0.020 N/A N/A | 0.036 N/A N/A | 0.014 N/A N/A | 3.29 (20) ** N/A N/A |
Donor | Element | Number of Haversian Canals Measured | Pre-Burn | Post-Burn | H.Ar t Statistic (df) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Standard Deviation | Mean | Standard Deviation | ||||
D1 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 20 40 0 | 0.0035 0.0020 N/A | 0.0172 0.0013 N/A | 0.0037 0.0012 N/A | 0.0147 0.0010 N/A | −0.2 (19) 2.57 (39) * N/A |
D2 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 40 21 40 | 0.0338 0.0022 0.0017 | 0.0121 0.0014 0.0010 | 0.0380 0.0016 0.0024 | 0.0125 0.0011 0.0012 | 3.4 (39) ** 1.43 (20) −2.64 (39) * |
D3 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 40 49 41 | 0.0026 0.0020 0.0026 | 0.0018 0.0014 0.0017 | 0.0030 0.0017 0.0030 | 0.0024 0.0012 0.0020 | −1.06 (39) 1.35 (48) −1.54 (40) |
D4 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 40 42 40 | 0.0038 0.0013 0.0048 | 0.0018 0.0007 0.0028 | 0.0036 0.0016 0.0037 | 0.0022 0.0009 0.0020 | 0.54 (39) −1.47 (41) 2.09 (39) * |
D5 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 38 42 38 | 0.0043 0.0020 0.0034 | 0.0031 0.0017 0.0022 | 0.0037 0.0018 0.0059 | 0.0021 0.0012 0.0030 | 0.92 (37) 0.75 (41) 4.94 (39) ** |
D6 | Femur Rib Metatarsal | 39 0 0 | 0.0033 N/A N/A | 0.0020 N/A N/A | 0.0019 N/A N/A | 0.0010 N/A N/A | 4.82 (38) ** N/A N/A |
Donor | Known Age (Years) | Pre-burn Sample | Post-burn Sample | Post-Burn Sample Retest with no On.Ar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IR | Mean Estimate | Variables Used | IR | Mean Estimate | Variables Used | IR | Mean Estimate | Variables Used | ||
D1 | 85 | 59–91 * | 76 | iOPD, fOPD,On.Ar, Ant.Wi | 22–60 | 30 | iOPD, On.Ar | 24–50 | 29 | iOPD |
D2 | 81 | 61–93 * | 78 | iOPD, fOPD,On.Ar, Ant.Wi | 57–86 * | 68 | iOPD, Ant.Wi | 57–86 * | 68 | iOPD, Ant.Wi |
D3 | 74 | 53–90 * | 71 | iOPD, fOPD,On.Ar, Ant.Wi | 69–92 * | 78 | iOPD, On.Ar, Ant.Wi | 69–85 * | 77 | iOPD, Ant.Wi |
D4 | 61 | 50–92 * | 73 | iOPD, fOPD,On.Ar, Ant.Wi | 55–82 * | 67 | iOPD, On.Ar, Ant.Wi | 54–80 * | 68 | iOPD, Ant.Wi |
D5 | 65 | 23–74 * | 57 | iOPD, fOPD,On.Ar, Ant.Wi | 65–88 * | 77 | iOPD, Ant.Wi | 65–88 * | 77 | iOPD, Ant.Wi |
D6 | 67 | 56–85 * | 71 | iOPD, fOPD,On.Ar, Ant.Wi | No anterior femur recovered | No anterior femur recovered |
Donor | Known Age (years) | Pre-Burn | Post-Burn | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPD | Point Age (Years) | OPD | Point Age (Years) | ||
D1 | 85 | 22.06 | 53.23 | 24.99 | 63.06 * |
D2 | 81 | 21.69 | 48.92 | 22.4 | 51.83 |
D3 | 74 | 26.05 | 57.39 | 26.05 | 59.89 |
D4 | 61 | 21.47 | 46.16 | 22.5 | 49.36 |
D5 | 65 | 21.06 | 52.47 | 20.46 | 51.28 |
D6 | 67 | 23.63 | 61.58 | N/A | N/A |
Donor | Tooth | Average Number of TCA Lines | Average Age of Tooth Eruption (Years) | Estimated Age Based on Tooth (Years) | Global Age Estimate (Years) | Known Age (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D2 | 11 | 82.54 | 7.5 | 90.04 | 79.21 | 81 |
43 | 56.89 | 11.5 | 68.38 | |||
D3 | 23 | 39.14 | 12.5 | 51.64 | 56.31 | 74 |
32 | 49.48 | 11.5 | 60.98 | |||
D4 | 21 | 55.09 | 7.5 | 62.59 | 69.19 | 61 |
23 | 63.29 | 12.5 | 75.79 | |||
D5 | 43 | 52.58 | 11.5 | 64.08 | 60.42 | 65 |
44 | 65.90 | 11.5 | 77.40 | |||
45 | 27.38 | 12.5 | 39.88 |
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Mavroudas, S.R.; Meckel, L.A.; Gocha, T.P.; Goldstein, J.Z.; Garza, S.L. The Effects of Experimental Whole-Body Burning on Histological Age-at-Death Estimation from Human Cortical Bone and Dental Cementum. Biology 2022, 11, 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111569
Mavroudas SR, Meckel LA, Gocha TP, Goldstein JZ, Garza SL. The Effects of Experimental Whole-Body Burning on Histological Age-at-Death Estimation from Human Cortical Bone and Dental Cementum. Biology. 2022; 11(11):1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111569
Chicago/Turabian StyleMavroudas, Sophia R., Lauren A. Meckel, Timothy P. Gocha, Justin Z. Goldstein, and Shelby L. Garza. 2022. "The Effects of Experimental Whole-Body Burning on Histological Age-at-Death Estimation from Human Cortical Bone and Dental Cementum" Biology 11, no. 11: 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111569