Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis from Animals and Their Caregivers at the Gdańsk Zoo (Poland) and the Assessment of Zoonotic Transmission
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction and Amplification
2.3. Nucleotide Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Infection Rate of Blastocystis
3.2. Detected Subtypes of Blastocystis
3.3. Genetic Diversity of Detected Blastocystis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host Name | Scientific Name | No. Examined | No. of Positives | % Positives (±CL95) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Homo sapiens | 35 | 6 | 17.14 (8.2–31.3) |
NHPs total | 39 | 23 | 58.97 (43.0–73.7) | |
Rhesus macaque | Macaca mulatta | 1 | 1 | |
Bornean orangutan | Pongo pygmaeus | 2 | 0 | |
Black howler | Alouatta caraya | 4 | 0 | |
Chimpanzee | Pan troglodytes | 5 | 3 | |
Patas monkey | Erythrocebus patas | 5 | 4 | |
Mandrill | Mandrillus sphinx | 8 | 4 | |
Javan lutung | Trachypithecus auratus | 5 | 5 | |
Guereza | Colobus guereza kikuyuensis | 4 | 4 | |
Buff-cheeked gibbon | Nomascus gabriellae | 1 | 1 | |
White-cheeked gibbon | Nomascus leucogenys | 1 | 1 | |
Emperor tamarin | Saguinus imperator subgrisescens | 3 | 0 | |
Carnivora total | 20 | 0 | ||
Canidae | ||||
European grey wolf | Canis lupus | 2 | 0 | |
Maned wolf | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 2 | 0 | |
Fennec fox | Vulpes zerda | 1 | 0 | |
Ursidae | ||||
Brown bear | Ursus arctos | 1 | 0 | |
Felidae | ||||
African lion | Panthera leo bleyenberghi | 6 | 0 | |
Amur tiger | Panthera tigris altaica | 2 | 0 | |
Persian leopard | Panthera pardus saxicolor | 2 | 0 | |
Serval | Leptailurus serval | 2 | 0 | |
Procyonidae | ||||
Brown-nosed coati | Nasua nasua | 2 | 0 | |
Artiodactyla total | 77 | 25 | 32.46 (22.1–44.6) | |
Suidae | ||||
Wild boar | Sus scrofa | 10 | 8 | |
Tayassuidae | ||||
Collared peccary | Pecari tajacu | 10 | 9 | |
Hippopotamidae | ||||
Pigmy hippopotamus | Choeropsis liberiensis | 2 | 0 | |
Hippopotamus | Hippopotamus amphibius | 1 | 0 | |
Bovidae | 23 | 8 | 34.78 (17.8–56.7) | |
European wisent | Bison bonasus bonasus | 5 | 0 | |
Yak | Bos grunniens | 5 | 0 | |
Mishmi takin | Budorcas taxicolor | 3 | 0 * | |
Domestic goat | Capra hircus | 8 | 7 | |
Polish heath sheep | Ovis aries polish_heath | 2 | 1 | |
Camelidae total | 29 | 0 | ||
Alpaca | Vicugna pacos | 8 | 0 | |
Llama | Lama glama | 12 | 0 | |
Dromedary | Camelus dromedarius | 5 | 0 | |
Bactrian camel | Camelus bactrianus | 4 | 0 | |
Perissodactyla | ||||
South American tapir | Tapirus terrestris | 2 | 0 | |
Metatheria total | 15 | 1 | 6.66 (0,4–30.2) | |
Red-necked wallaby | Macropus rufogriseus | 10 | 0 | |
Red kangaroo | Macropus rufus | 5 | 1 | |
Leporidae European rabbit Rodentia | Oryctolagus cuniculus | 3 | 0 | |
Capybara | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | 6 | 0 | |
Common gundi | Ctenodactylus gundi | 1 | 0 | |
Aves total | 25 | 0 | ||
Eurasian eagle owl | Bubo bubo | 1 | 0 | |
Great hornet owl | Bubo virginianus | 1 | 0 | |
Greater rhea | Rhea Americana | 5 | 0 * | |
Violet turaco | Musophaga violacea | 1 | 0 | |
Salmon-crested cockatoo | Cacatua moluccensis | 1 | 0 | |
Military macaw | Ara militaris mexicana | 2 | 0 | |
Yellow-crowned amazon | Amazona ochrocephala ochrocephala | 1 | 0 | |
Greater flamingo | Phoenicopterus roseus | 5 | 0 | |
Great curassow | Crax rubra rubra | 2 | 0 | |
Southern ground hornbill | Bucorvus leadbeateri | 3 | 0 | |
Andean condor | Vultur gryphus | 3 | 0 * | |
Reptilia total | 12 | 5 | 41.66 (18.1–70.6) | |
Nile crocodile | Crocodylus niloticus | 1 | 0 | |
Reticulate Gila monster | Heloderma suspectum suspectum | 1 | 0 | |
African rock python | Python sebae | 1 | 0 | |
Cuban tree boa | Chilabothrus angulifer | 1 | 0 | |
Boa constrictor | Boa constrictor | 1 | 0 | |
Yellow anaconda | Eunectes notaeus | 1 | 0 | |
Leopard tortoise | Stigmochelys pardalis | 1 | 1 | |
Spur-thighed tortoise (Greek tortoise) | Testudo graeca | 1 | 1 | |
Giant Asian pond turtle | Heosemys grandis | 1 | 1 | |
Radiated tortoise | Astrochelys radiata | 1 | 1 | |
African spurred tortoise | Centrochelys sulcata | 1 | 1 | |
Malaysian giant pond turtle | Orlitia borneensis | 1 | 0 | |
Animals total | 201 | 54 | 26.86 (23.1–31.0) |
Sample id | Host | No of Identified Sequences | ST1 (n) | ST2 (n) | ST3 (n) | ST5 (n) | ST8 (n) | ST10 (n) | ST13 (n) | ST14 (n) | NMA ST (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6CZ, 7CZ, 10CZ, 22CZ, 23CZ, 33CZ | Human | 6 | 3 | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
NHPs total | 23 | 4 | 7 | 6 | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | |
135R | Rhesus macaque | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2S, 4S, 5S | Chimpanzee | 3 | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1P, 3P, 4P, 34P | Patas monkey | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3M, 5M, 25M, 27M | Mandrill | 4 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1L-5L | Javan lutung | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
14GE-17GE | Guereza | 4 | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
18GI | Buff-cheeked gibbon | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
19GI | White-cheeked gibbon | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Suidae | |||||||||||
171DZ-173DZ 175DZ-179DZ | Wild boar | 8 | - | - | - | 8 | - | - | - | - | - |
Tayassuidae | |||||||||||
161PE-164PE 166PE-170PE | Collared peccary | 9 | - | - | - | 9 | - | - | - | - | - |
Bovidae total | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | 6 | - | |
181-186KO 188KO | Domestic goat | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | 5 | - |
189OW | Polish heath sheep | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
Metatheria | |||||||||||
86KA | Red kangaroo | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Reptilia total | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | |
2Z | Leopard tortoise | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
3Z | Spur-thighed tortoise (Greek tortoise) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
5Z | Giant Asian pond turtle | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
4Z | Radiated tortoise | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
10Z | African spurred tortoise | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Animals total | 54 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
Host | Blastocystis STs | Reference | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chimpanzee (A) Pan troglodytes | - | ST2 | - | - | - | - | - - - - - - - - - - - | - | This study |
- - - ST1 - ST1 ST1 ST1 ST1 ST1 | ST2 ST2 ST2 - ST2 - - - - ST2 | ST3 - - - - - - - - ST3 | ST5 ST5 - - - ST5 - - - ST5 | - - - - - - - - - - | - - - ST11 - - - - - - | ST15 - - - - - - - - - | [57] [15] [38] [14] [53] [58] [59] [11] [50] [12] | ||
Buff-cheecked gibbon (As) Nomascus gabriellae | - | - | ST3 | - | - | - | - - - - - - | - | This study |
ST1 ST1 ST1 ST1 ST1 | - ST2 - - - | ST3 St3 - - ST3 | - ST5 - - | - ST8 - - | - - - - - | - ST15 - - - | [57] [16] [15] [58] [12] | ||
White-cheecked gibbon (As) Nomascus leucogenys | - - ST1 | - ST2 - | ST3 ST3 - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | This study [60] [57] |
Mandrill (A) Mandrillus sphinx | ST1 | - | ST3 | - | - | - | - - - - - - | - | This study |
ST1 ST1 - ST1 - | - - - - - | - - ST3 ST3 ST3 | - - - - - | - - - - - | - - - - - | - - - - - | [57] [15] [53] [58] [54] | ||
Rhesus macaque (As) Macaca mulatta | - | - | ST3 | - | - | - | - - - - - - - - - | - | This study |
ST1 ST1 ST1 ST1 - - - ST1 | ST2 - ST2 ST2 ST2 ST2 - ST2 | ST3 - ST3 ST3 ST3 ST3 - - | - - - - - - ST5 - | - - - - ST8 - - - | - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - | [53] [60] [61] [56] [38] [58] [11] [22] | ||
Guereza (A) Colobus guereza | - | ST2 | - | - | - | - | ST13 - - ST13 | - | This study |
- ST1 ST1 | - ST2 ST2 | ST3 - ST3 | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | [57] [15] [50] | ||
Patas monkey (A) Erythrocebus patas | ST1 | ST2 | ST3 | - | - | - | - - | - | This study |
ST1 | - | ST3 | - | - | - | - | [57] | ||
Javan lutung (As) Trachypithecus auratus | - | - | - | - | - | - | ST13 - ST13 | - | This study |
- ST1 | - - | ST3 - | ST5 - | - - | - - | - - | [57] [56] |
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Rudzińska, M.; Kowalewska, B.; Waleron, M.; Kalicki, M.; Sikorska, K.; Szostakowska, B. Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis from Animals and Their Caregivers at the Gdańsk Zoo (Poland) and the Assessment of Zoonotic Transmission. Biology 2021, 10, 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100984
Rudzińska M, Kowalewska B, Waleron M, Kalicki M, Sikorska K, Szostakowska B. Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis from Animals and Their Caregivers at the Gdańsk Zoo (Poland) and the Assessment of Zoonotic Transmission. Biology. 2021; 10(10):984. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100984
Chicago/Turabian StyleRudzińska, Monika, Beata Kowalewska, Małgorzata Waleron, Mirosław Kalicki, Katarzyna Sikorska, and Beata Szostakowska. 2021. "Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis from Animals and Their Caregivers at the Gdańsk Zoo (Poland) and the Assessment of Zoonotic Transmission" Biology 10, no. 10: 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100984