The Possible Role of Microbial Proteases in Facilitating SARS-CoV-2 Brain Invasion
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. SARS-CoV-2: Current Understanding of Its Possible Brain Invasion
3. Possible Role of Cryptococcal Proteases in Promoting Brain Invasion in the Context of Co-Infection with SARS-COV-2
Sequence | Type | Source | MW (kDa) | pH | Catalytic Residue | Zinc Chelating | Traditional Function | Purported Function in the Context of SARS-CoV-2 Infection | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Serine-based protease (uncharacterised) | Cryptococcus neoformans | 75 | 7.2 | Ser | No | Promotes fungal brain invasion | May activate the viral S protein or promote viral transcellular migration | [72,77,78] |
2 | Fungalysin (metalloprotease, Mpr1) | Cryptococcus neoformans | 42 | 7.5–8.0 | Glu, Tyr, Asp | Yes | Promotes fungal brain invasion | May activate the viral S protein or promote viral transcellular migration | [79,80,81] |
3 | Major aspartyl peptidase (May1) | Cryptococcus neoformans | 45 | 5 | Asp | No | Promotes fungal brain invasion | May activate the viral S protein or promote viral transcellular migration | [71,82] |
4 | Furin (serine-based) | Homo sapiens (Human) | 104 | 5–8 | Asp, His, Ser | No (calcium-chelating) | Activates functionally important protein precursors | Activates the viral S protein for membrane fusion into cells | [83,84,85] |
5 | Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) (serine-based) | Homo sapiens (Human) | 58 | 8 | His, Asp, Ser | No (calcium-chelating) | Promotes spike protein cleavage and activation for membrane fusion and viral uptake | Activates the viral S protein for membrane fusion into cells | [86,87,88] |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Co-Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 with Other Infections | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Infectious Conditions | Aetiological Agents | ||||
Scopus | PubMed | Scopus | PubMed | ||
Meningitis-causing agents | |||||
Cancer | 42,719 | 12,180 | M. tuberculosis | 8440 | 1206 |
Diabetes | 26,288 | 6663 | S. pneumoniae | 1065 | 122 |
Hypertension | 16,623 | 4393 | P. aeruginosa | 1773 | 107 |
Obesity | 14,643 | 2923 | H. capsulatum | 49 | 8 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 4351 | 1628 | C. neoformans | 160 | 11 |
Asthma | 8238 | 1358 | Mucoralean spp. | 4 | 26 |
Non-meningitis-causing agents | |||||
Renal failure | 6098 | 1656 | A. fumigatus | 435 | 44 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4613 | 779 | Ca. albicans | 840 | 36 |
Hepatic dysfunction | 1698 | 1956 | Ca. auris | 187 | 107 |
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Mjokane, N.; Folorunso, O.S.; Ogundeji, A.O.; Sebolai, O.M. The Possible Role of Microbial Proteases in Facilitating SARS-CoV-2 Brain Invasion. Biology 2021, 10, 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100966
Mjokane N, Folorunso OS, Ogundeji AO, Sebolai OM. The Possible Role of Microbial Proteases in Facilitating SARS-CoV-2 Brain Invasion. Biology. 2021; 10(10):966. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100966
Chicago/Turabian StyleMjokane, Nozethu, Olufemi S. Folorunso, Adepemi O. Ogundeji, and Olihile M. Sebolai. 2021. "The Possible Role of Microbial Proteases in Facilitating SARS-CoV-2 Brain Invasion" Biology 10, no. 10: 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100966