Reporting Guidelines for Whole-Body Vibration Studies in Humans, Animals and Cell Cultures: A Consensus Statement from an International Group of Experts
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
Aim
2. Methods
- 1.
- First face-to-face expert meeting. During the WAVEX Conference in Groningen (23–24 August 2018), we had face-to-face meetings with nine experts. We discussed the need for complete, visible, and widely used reporting guidelines specific to WBV studies and we determined that we were willing to collaborate with the aim to update/develop reporting guidelines.
- 2.
- Pre-work by a small group of experts. A small group of five experts had face-to-face meetings and studied the literature for existing WBV reporting guidelines, guidelines for connected topics, and the use of these guidelines. We decided that there is a need to update and expand the guidelines from Rauch et al. [24].
- 3.
- Executive group. We established the final executive group, including 15 experts from Brazil, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, the USA, and the Netherlands. This executive group promotes interdisciplinary collaboration with the members’ backgrounds in (bio)engineering, neurobiology, medicine, physiotherapy, psychology, and human movement science.
- 4.
- Registration. We registered our reporting guidelines under development in EQUATOR [29].
- 5.
- Delphi studies. We performed two Delphi studies. The first Delphi study was for WBV research in human populations, and the second, a small additional Delphi study, was for WBV in animals and cell cultures. The Delphi study for human populations used the existing guidelines of Rauch et al. [24] as a starting point. This Delphi study is published elsewhere [30]. In total, 51 expert researchers from 17 countries with, on average, over 19 years of WBV research experience participated in this Delphi study, which was conducted in three rounds. The identified list of potential topics formed the basis of the updated and developed reporting guidelines. More detailed information can be found in Wuestefeld et al. [30]. The additional Delphi study for WBV in animals and cell cultures used the human Delphi study as a starting point. For the outcomes of this Delphi study, we refer to the Supplementary materials (Supplement 1, Tables S1–S4).
- 6.
- Discussion of the outcomes of the Delphi studies. We planned a face-to-face meeting with the executive group during the scheduled WAVEX conference in Cologne (2020) to discuss the outcomes of the Delphi studies. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this conference was postponed as travel possibilities were limited. Therefore, we decided to discuss the outcomes in writing and with online meetings.
- 7.
- Final list of topics and writing the document. The executive group established the final list of checklist items and formulated the connected explanations and elaborations.
3. The Checklists
4. Explanation and Elaboration Checklist for WBV Studies in Humans
4.1. Information about the Device
- For commercial devices: the manufacturer (name, city and country) and production type; for non-commercial (self-built) devices: a sketch of the system, and the model number used (so that authors can have a record of which model was used in each study);
- Size of platform;
- If applicable, other dimensions of the device;
- Source of vibration;
- How the plate is attached to the source of vibration (for example, at the center of the plate/cage or at each corner of the cage/plate).
- 1.
- “The intervention was performed on a <type> standing vibration platform (manufacturer), which has been described elsewhere <reference>. Briefly, the device is x cm * y cm * z cm large, has x kg mass, and can deliver sinusoidal (deviation <5%) vibration through eccentric rotation that is transmitted to the foot plate through a 2-sided driving rod” [31]. The device can produce vibrations with peak-to-peak displacement up to 8 mm within a frequency range of 8–30 Hz.
- 2.
- “Subjects were tested with a custom-made vibration platform that uses a combination of eccentric rotation with springs attached to a base plate and foot plate” [31] (see Figure x). Specifically, we used engineering model #4 in this study. This device is x cm long, y cm wide, and z cm high and has a mass of x kg. It delivers a constant non-loaded f Hz vibration that is near sinusoidal (x% deviation, see spectrogram in Figure y) with a non-loaded peak-to-peak displacement of z mm. When loaded with x kg, the vibration frequency is f Hz, and the peak-to-peak displacement is x mm.
- 1.
- The vibration platform was placed on the ground, and a handrail was mounted to facilitate balance control during deep squats.
- 2.
- “To this purpose, a prototype vibration machine consisting of a motorized horizontal leg press with a pin-weighted plate was fitted with two electrically powered 0.15-kW vibration actuators <model, manufacturer, city> to the rear of the footplate of the leg press machine (Figure x)” [32].
4.2. Information about the Vibration
- 1.
- Recordings from accelerometers confirmed that the platform produced sinusoidal accelerations with a predominant vertical component and much smaller horizontal components (rms acceleration in the horizontal direction were less than 10% of those in the vertical direction). The direction of the produced acceleration (displacement) did not change significantly over any given sinusoidal cycle.
- 2.
- The side-alternating vibration platform produced sinusoidal vibrations within a plane defined by the vertical and medio-lateral directions. Inherently, the direction of the accelerations was time-variant.
- Frequency: number of cycles per second (in Hz);
- Peak-to-peak displacement: distance between the minimal and maximal positions of the platform or device (in mm);
- Peak accelerations: maximal and minimal acceleration within a cycle (in multiples of Earth’s gravity g); not to be confused with peak-to-peak displacement;
- rms acceleration: root-mean-square acceleration (in multiples of Earth’s gravity g);
- Duration: duration of one bout of WBV (either in minutes or seconds);
- Number of bouts: number of WBV periods that are alternated with periods of rests within one session;
- Rest period: If a multiple number of bouts is applied: the duration of the rest period between bouts (in minutes or seconds).
- 1.
- The vibration platform provided a constant vibration, with SD of x Hz for frequency of y mm for Dpeak-to-peak, z mm, z g for apeak, and zz g for arms, as confirmed by accelerometers attached to the plate. The device was always switched on before subjects stood on it, and they stepped off before the device was turned off.
- 2.
- The vibration magnitude was modulated by a sine function, resulting in a variation of Dpeak-to-peak from x to y mm, a variation in apeak between x’ and y’ g, and a variation in arms between x’’ and y’’ g.
4.3. Information about the Administration
- 1.
- “A training session consisted of eight different dynamic and static exercises (lunge, step up and down, squat, calf raises, left and right pivot, shoulder abduction with elastic bands, shoulder abduction with elastic bands while squatting, arm swinging with elastic bands; ESM Appendix). During the isometric squat exercise, the subjects were instructed to stand with bent knees and hips on the platform with a 100° knee flexion (considering 180° as full knee extension). The dynamic exercises were performed with slow movements at a rate of 2 s for both concentric and eccentric phases” [44].
- 2.
- “A wooden plate (0.5 m × 0.9 m × 0.02 m) was mounted on the vibrating platform to enlarge the platform of the device. In order to apply passive WBV, a chair (with armrests and a seating area of soft material) was firmly mounted on the wooden plate to control the activity and movement of the subjects (Figure 3)” [11].
- 1.
- “Feet shoulder-wide apart or slightly wider, toes pointing slightly outward; knees almost straight but not locked; raising heels from the ground. The subjects were instructed to move at a pace of 0.5 Hz, i.e., 1 s up on to toes to maximum heel raise and 1 s down to complete flat foot and to ensure each repetition is a full heel raise, i.e., as far up onto their toes as possible” [47].
- 2.
- Subjects stood on the WBV platform with feet flat on the platform, positioned at shoulder width, and knees approximately at 45° of flexion.
- 1.
- Subjects were instructed to stand on the WBV platform, not touching the handrail. Trials were repeated if subjects touched the handrail for support.
- 2.
- Subjects were instructed to gently hold the handrail to prevent falls.
- 1.
- Subjects were instructed to stand on the WBV platform, with head and eyes facing forward, body mass distributed on both feet, and arms outstretched and palms facing down.
- 2.
- Subjects were instructed to stand on the WBV platform, with head and eyes facing forward, weight distributed on both feet, and arms outstretched and grasping the platform’s handrail.
- 1.
- Subjects were positioned in the push-up position on the vibration platform, with their hands apart at 30 cm, directly on the platform, to maximize the transmission of vibration to the forearm muscles.
- 2.
- The squat exercise was performed on a side-alternating platform. The side-alternating movement of the platform evokes muscle contractions on the entire flexor and extensor chain of muscles in the legs.
- 1.
- “Upper body exercises included static biceps curls and triceps extensions. These were performed by holding nylon straps attached directly to the surface of the WBV platform at the peak-to-peak displacement of 8 mm and frequency of 40 Hz” [58].
- 2.
- “Vibration was with a peak-to-peak displacement of 11 mm, a frequency of 26 Hz, and, hence, a peak acceleration of 147 m.s−2, or 15 g. The subjects bore an additional load fixed around the waist (40% of body weight in males; 35% in females because of their higher total body fat mass). After 30 s of simple standing, they started squatting, i.e., bending their knees in a 6 s cycle, 3 s down and 3 s up, as smoothly as possible” [59].
- 1.
- WBV intervention program: The subjects performed WBV exercises twice a day, 5 days per week for 8 weeks.
- 2.
- One session of WBV: Each WBV session consisted of three bouts of WBV, with a duration of 2 min and 3 min of rest between the bouts. During the WBV exercise, the subjects performed squats without additional weight (first bout) and then with an additional load using barbells at 20% of 1RM (second bout) and 40% of 1RM (third bout).
4.4. Information in General Protocol
- 1.
- The WBV sessions took place in a gym, in a common training room in which other sportspeople were training at the same time. All sessions took place between 8.00–10.00 p.m.
- 2.
- The WBV sessions took place at the homes of the subjects. Generally, the device was placed in the living room or a bedroom with at least 0.5 m of free space around the device.
- 3.
- The training sessions were carried out individually in the research laboratory of <insert institution>.
- 1.
- All WBV sessions were supervised online using <name tool> by an in WBV experienced exercise trainer.
- 2.
- The first 6 WBV sessions (33.3%) were supervised by a physical therapist, and the remaining 12 WBV sessions were unsupervised.
- 1.
- One week before the WBV session, the subjects received an information letter by email in which they were instructed to avoid the intake of stimulants such as coffee, alcohol, or drugs for at least 12 h before the session, to maintain normal medication, and to wear comfortable clothing during the WBV session.
- 2.
- At the beginning of the WBV session, the supervisor explained the posture/exercises to be executed during the WBV session.
- 1.
- Warm-up using WBV: The individuals performed 30 s of the WBV intervention as a warm-up modality before the experimental session in all sessions. The frequency used in this warm-up was 30 Hz, 2 mm of peak-to-peak displacement, barefoot, with 130° of knee flexion, using a vertical platform.
- 2.
- Warm-up without WBV: subjects performed a standardized warming-up protocol consisting of 5 min of jogging at a self-selected easy pace, 5 min of joint mobilization exercises, 10 squats without an external load, 5 countermovement jumps, progressive in intensity, with 1-min rest periods between them.
- 1.
- For both the WBV group and the sham group, subjects stood upright on a <type> vibration platform (manufacturer) with <describe position>. The WBV group received <describe intervention>. The sham group received an intervention following exactly the same procedure as the WBV group except that no “real” vibrations were applied to subjects. To provide the most realistic placebo conditions as possible, subjects were told by the supervisor that they could not physically feel the vibrations because they were too small to be consciously sensed; a device emitting a similar sound to the real vibration platform was used.
- 2.
- For both the WBV group and the control group, subjects stood upright on a <type> vibration platform (manufacturer) for x minutes with <describe position>. The WBV group received <describe intervention>. The control group received an intervention following exactly the same procedure as the WBV group except that no vibrations were applied to the subjects.
- 3.
- The WBV group received whole-body vibration exercise <number> times a week for <number> weeks. Each session included <number>-minute warm-up, <number>-minute whole-body vibration exercise, and <number>-minute cool down. The whole-body vibration exercise protocol comprised the following movements: x, y, z <describe>. The control group received general exercise <number> times a week for <number> weeks. Each session included <number>-minute warm-up, <number>-minute exercise, and <number>-minute cool down. The general exercise protocol comprised the following movements: x, y, z <describe>.
- 1.
- “Each trial started with a two-minute period of experimental treatment, either a period of vibration (vibration condition) or a resting period of no vibration (resting condition). Immediately after the experimental treatment, the Color-Word Interference Test and the Color Block Test of the Stroop Color-Word Interference task were performed. The Color-Word Interference Test always preceded the Color Block Test. Subsequently, a resting period of three minutes followed, prior to the beginning of the subsequent experimental trial” [12].
- 2.
- “Each trial started with a three-minute period that was either (A) a period of WBV (vibration condition) or (B) a resting period of no vibration (non-vibration condition). Immediately after the experimental treatment, first, the Color-Word Test and then the Color-Block Test was applied. Each trial finished with a break of three minutes” [71].
- 3.
- “The first assessment was performed on day 1. WBV treatment sessions were applied between day 2 and day 11 for 10 consecutive days (30 WBV treatment sessions in total). The second assessment was performed on day 12 (about 16 h after the final treatment session was completed). Finally, a third assessment (follow-up assessment) was performed on day 25. No treatment or other meetings related to the research project were carried out between the second assessment and the follow-up assessment. All three assessments were performed at the same time of the day (starting at 9 a.m.)” [13].
4.5. Information about the Subjects
- Age and sex;
- Body height, body mass, and, if possible, body composition (percentage body fat);
- Anthropometric measurements (e.g., waist circumference, hip circumference, and neck circumference);
- Level of physical activity (sports and exercise; if applicable: activity type, frequency, intensity, and duration);
- History of injuries;
- If applicable: (co)morbidity;
- If applicable: the time of disease development/disease progression;
- If applicable: number and type of medications used;
- If applicable: (absence of) pregnancy;
- If applicable: mental and/or cognitive status (e.g., depressive symptoms, global cognitive function).
- Amount of previous experience;
- How long-ago previous experience happened;
- The setting of previous experience (e.g., at home, in a gym, in a rehabilitation center);
- If previous WBV was supervised by an experienced trainer or therapist;
- If known, device, parameters, and positions used in previous experience.
- 1.
- None of the subjects had any previous experience with WBV prior to participating in the experiment.
- 2.
- One subject in the experimental group had previous experience with WBV. Three years ago, in a gym, he performed WBV exercises in a squat position for about 6 sessions using a side-alternating vibration platform (further details unknown).
- 1.
- After the WBV session, six subjects reported physical sensations of short duration such as muscle trembling, a tingling feeling, or weak knees. One subject experienced the session as uncomfortable, and one subject reported a mild headache, which disappeared after half an hour. There were no serious adverse side effects.
- 2.
- “After reading the information letter and signing the informed consent form, the subjects were asked to fill in the questionnaire for the first time (pre-test questionnaire). (…) After finishing the pre-test questionnaire, subjects were asked to sit on the wooden chair on the WBV-device, with their feet on the platform, their arms on the armrests, and their back on the backrests of the chair. Immediately after the WBV session, subjects were asked to fill in the questionnaire for the second time (post-test questionnaire). Finally, subjects were asked to fill in the questionnaire again via a link sent by email, 24 h after the WBV session (follow-up questionnaire)” [75]. For a forest plot of how 88 subjects felt immediately after WBV (intensity of experiences) in effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and 95% CI’s (adopted from Oerlemans et al. [75]), see Figure 4.
5. Explanation and Elaboration checklist for WBV studies in animals and cell cultures
5.1. Information about the Device
- 1.
- The animals were placed in a cage (20 × 20 × 30 cm) in which they could move around freely. A transparent lid was placed on the cage to prevent the animals from escaping.
- 2.
- The animals were placed in small boxes (15 × 10 × 10 cm), which limited their possibility to move around but were large enough to prevent substantial immobilization stress. No lid was placed on the boxes because the animals did not make any attempt to escape.
5.2. Information about the Vibration
5.3. Information about the Administration
- 1.
- Animals were placed as a group on the vibration platform. The composition of these groups was identical to the groups in which they were housed during the entire experiment.
- 2.
- Animals were individually placed on the vibration platform. After the session, the animal was placed back in the group in which it was housed during the entire experiment. Special attention was paid to determine any signs of social stress or changed social interaction between the animals due to the temporary change in the composition of the group.
- Before the actual vibration sessions started, the animals were habituated to the platform. They were placed on it for 10 min 2 or 3 times on the day prior to the start of the experiment. During the habituation, the animals were monitored and their general activity was recorded. Only the animals that still showed signs of novelty stress (increased defecation and urination; frequent rearing behavior) after the second habituation received a third habituation session.
- Animals were not habituated to the platform prior to the start of the experiment because this strain is known for its low level of novelty stress.
- 1.
- The animals were placed in a plastic tube (give dimensions) in order to block their movements during the vibration sessions. Hence, any form of physical exercise was prevented this way.
- 2.
- The animals were briefly anesthetized and subsequently taped to the vibration platform to prevent the animals from moving and to induce the required immobility stress (for example, if the aim of the study is to examine the impact of whole-body vibration on immobility stress).
- 1.
- The animals were anesthetized, taped to the vibration platform, and remained anesthetized during the entire whole-body vibration session to ensure the required immobility. Animals were anesthetized over a period of 30 min per day for 10 days in total.
- 2.
- The animals were briefly anesthetized and subsequently taped to the vibration platform to prevent the animals from moving during taping.
- 1.
- Typically, the animals were standing on their hind legs during vibration.
- 2.
- Typically, the animals walked around in a relaxed way during vibration.
- 1.
- Animals were monitored during the vibration session. Typically, the animals showed frequent rearing behavior, standing on the hind legs, at the beginning of the session. Thereafter, this behavior declined, and, instead, animals started to lie down on the vibration platform. Most of them fell asleep at the end of the session.
- 2.
- Animals were monitored during the vibration session. No differences in overt behavior or body position were seen within a session or between sessions. The animals typically walked around in a relaxed way.
- 1.
- The noise produced by our vibration platform is around 30 dB. To control for this, the control group (pseudo vibration) was also exposed to this level of noise, in addition to similar handling procedures, as the vibration group.
- 2.
- Our vibration platform does not produce any noise. The concurrent stimulation of sensory systems other than the one processing vibrations during vibration can be excluded.
5.4. Information in General Protocol
- 1.
- Vibration sessions took place in a separate experimental room. The mice were transported to this room in their home cage 10 min prior to the start of the vibration session.
- 2.
- Vibration sessions took place in the same room where the animals were housed. Hence, all mice of all groups were exposed to the noise of the vibration platform.
- 3.
- Animals stayed in their home cage during the WBV session. Cage bedding was removed prior to the WBV session and was put back after the WBV session.
- 1.
- Vibration sessions took place in a separate experimental room. Both rooms had the same light conditions and temperature/humidity.
- 2.
- Vibration sessions took place in a separate experimental room. In this room, the light intensity was reduced, and the temperature was 1 degree Celsius higher compared to the housing room (preferably provide the values for these conditions).
- 1.
- The animals were placed on a 12:12 LD cycle (lights on at 7:00 p.m./lights out at 7:00 a.m.). Vibration sessions took place at fixed times of the day: at 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. (9:00 and 15:00).
- 2.
- The animals were placed in constant light conditions. Vibration sessions took place at random times over the day to prevent anticipatory events [76].
- 1.
- The pseudo-WBV group was exposed to the same treatment as the experimental group in the absence of actual vibrations.
- 2.
- The experimental cell cultures were on the vibrating plate and were subjected to vibration, while the control cell cultures were simultaneously placed next to the vibrating plate and did not receive any vibration from the plate.
5.5. Information about the Subjects
- 1.
- The species used in this experiment is known to be highly sensitive to vibrations due to the high density of vibration-detecting receptors located in a specialized organ.
- 2.
- The type of cells used in this experiment requires low-intensity vibrations to prevent them from entering an inactive metabolic stage.
- 1.
- The condition of the whiskers in the animals subjected to vibrations was monitored before each vibration session.
- 2.
- The whiskers of the animals were trimmed to a standard length to reduce individual variation to the response to vibrations.
- 1.
- The body weight of the mice was taken routinely once a week.
- 2.
- To assess body weight, mice were routinely weighed prior to and 6 h following a vibration session.
- 1.
- We checked for any side effects of the applied vibrations, with emphasis on motor functioning and balance, on a daily basis.
- 2.
- We checked for side effects of the applied vibrations immediately following the vibration session, after 3 h, and after 24 h.
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Information about the device | |
Item | Short description |
1 | For commercial devices: the manufacturer and production type For commercial and non-commercial (self-built) devices: device specifications |
2 | If applicable: platform constructions (e.g., mounting a chair on it) |
Information about the vibration | |
Item | Short description |
3 | The type of vibration: spatial and temporal characteristics (e.g., vertical or side-alternating) |
4 | The vibration parameters: definitions and parameter settings used |
5 | Whether and how the vibration parameters were verified |
6 | For side-alternating vibrations: the location on the vibration platform where the accelerometer was placed to measure magnitude |
7 | Whether frequency and magnitude were constant or modulated |
Information about the administration | |
Item | Short description |
8 | The posture or body position of the subject and whether it was changed during the intervention (static versus dynamic exercise) |
9 | The position of the feet of the subjects on the platform during the vibration and how the feet were loaded (e.g., on midfoot or on forefoot with heel lifted off) |
10 | If and how skidding of feet was prevented |
11 | If and how vibration transmission to the head was prevented |
12 | If a handrail was available/used |
13 | The position of the hands during the WBV and if the hands were directly subjected to the vibration |
14 | If applicable, the parts of the subjects’ body which were most subjected to vibration (e.g., predominantly the feet) |
15 | Whether and, if applicable, what tools/aids were used during the vibration (e.g., type and size of dumbbells or resistance bands) |
16 | General exercise parameters (e.g., duration, number of bouts, rest intervals) |
Information in general protocol | |
Item | Short description |
17 | The setting of the WBV sessions/intervention (e.g., hospital, gym, or at home) and the time of day the sessions took place |
18 | Presence of a trainer (face to face/online) during the WBV sessions |
19 | The instructions given to the subject before the WBV session |
20 | Preparatory exercises or warm-up prior to the vibration (type and duration of exercises) |
21 | The subjects’ footwear (shoes, socks, barefoot) during the vibration, with a detailed description |
22 | If applicable: characteristics control/sham condition or intervention |
23 | The moment at which the outcome measures were assessed: during, before, and/or after the vibration; the time between begin/end of exposure/exercise/session and assessment(s) |
Information about the subjects | |
Item | Short description |
24 | General characteristics of the subjects |
25 | The subjects’ previous experience with WBV |
26 | Acute, short term, or long-term side effects of the vibration exercise |
Information about the device | |
Item | Short description |
1 | For commercial devices: the manufacturer and production type For commercial and non-commercial (self-built) devices: device specifications |
2 | The dimensions of the cage or container in which subject(s) was (were) placed during WBV |
Information about the vibration | |
Item | Short description |
3 | The type of vibration: spatial and temporal characteristics (e.g., vertical or side-alternating) |
4 | The vibration parameters: definitions and parameter settings used |
5 | Whether and how the vibration parameters were verified |
6 | For side-alternating vibrations: the location on the vibration platform where the accelerometer was placed to measure magnitude |
7 | Whether frequency and magnitude were constant or modulated |
Information about the administration | |
Item | Short description |
8 | Whether the animals were housed individually or in groups during the WBV session a |
9 | Whether the animals were habituated to the device before the start of the WBV protocol a |
10 11 | Whether the animals were constrained or not during WBV a Whether the animals were anesthetized or not during the WBV session a |
12 | Which posture or body position the animals took on during the vibration (e.g., sitting, standing, lying, depending on the species used) a |
13 | Whether the position/posture/motor behavior of the animals changed during WBV a |
14 | Whether other sensory systems were stimulated during the vibration a |
15 | General exercise parameters (e.g., duration, number of bouts, rest intervals) |
Information in general protocol | |
Item | Short description |
16 | The location of the intervention (e.g., a separated experimental room or the room where the animals were housed) |
17 | The conditions of the test room (e.g., light and temperature) |
18 | The time of day the WBV session took place (in relation to the light/dark cycle) |
19 | If applicable: characteristics control/sham/pseudo condition or intervention |
20 | The moment at which the outcome measures were assessed: during, before and/or after the vibration; the time between begin/end of exposure/exercise/session and assessment(s) |
Information about the subjects | |
Item | Short description |
21 | General characteristics of the animals/cell cultures |
22 | Whether whiskers were present/intact (if species used have whiskers) a |
23 | The animals’ body weight before and after the entire WBV protocol a |
24 | Acute, short term, or long-term side effects of the vibrations |
WBV Program/Intervention | WBV Session a |
---|---|
Program duration (weeks) | Mode (with/without additional exercise) |
Frequency (sessions week−1 and/or sessions day−1) | Session duration (min) b |
Attendance (%) | Number of WBV bouts |
Duration of WBV bouts (min) | |
Rest between WBV bouts (min) | |
Intensity additional exercise (absolute (kg) or relative (% 1RM or % 5RM) or, for aerobic additional exercise, HR or HR as % of maximal HR) | |
Number of sets/repetitions of additional exercise |
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van Heuvelen, M.J.G.; Rittweger, J.; Judex, S.; Sañudo, B.; Seixas, A.; Fuermaier, A.B.M.; Tucha, O.; Nyakas, C.; Marín, P.J.; Taiar, R.; et al. Reporting Guidelines for Whole-Body Vibration Studies in Humans, Animals and Cell Cultures: A Consensus Statement from an International Group of Experts. Biology 2021, 10, 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100965
van Heuvelen MJG, Rittweger J, Judex S, Sañudo B, Seixas A, Fuermaier ABM, Tucha O, Nyakas C, Marín PJ, Taiar R, et al. Reporting Guidelines for Whole-Body Vibration Studies in Humans, Animals and Cell Cultures: A Consensus Statement from an International Group of Experts. Biology. 2021; 10(10):965. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100965
Chicago/Turabian Stylevan Heuvelen, Marieke J. G., Jörn Rittweger, Stefan Judex, Borja Sañudo, Adérito Seixas, Anselm B. M. Fuermaier, Oliver Tucha, Csaba Nyakas, Pedro J. Marín, Redha Taiar, and et al. 2021. "Reporting Guidelines for Whole-Body Vibration Studies in Humans, Animals and Cell Cultures: A Consensus Statement from an International Group of Experts" Biology 10, no. 10: 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100965
APA Stylevan Heuvelen, M. J. G., Rittweger, J., Judex, S., Sañudo, B., Seixas, A., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Tucha, O., Nyakas, C., Marín, P. J., Taiar, R., Stark, C., Schoenau, E., Sá-Caputo, D. C., Bernardo-Filho, M., & van der Zee, E. A. (2021). Reporting Guidelines for Whole-Body Vibration Studies in Humans, Animals and Cell Cultures: A Consensus Statement from an International Group of Experts. Biology, 10(10), 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100965