Quantifying Leaf Trait Covariations and Their Relationships with Plant Adaptation Strategies along an Aridity Gradient
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- (1)
- Traits do not vary independently but show covariation and tradeoff relationships [17]. However, from the perspective of plant functional traits, plant strategies adopted to simultaneously balance conservation and resource acquisition remain unclear.
- (2)
- (3)
- Vegetation succession along an aridity gradient resulted in the replacement of larger leaf plants by plants with small and high-efficiency leaves [21]. The contribution of vegetation distribution (family) to trait covariations is still unknown along aridity gradients.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Strategy
2.2. Data Descriptions of Traits, Climate and Soil
2.3. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trait Covariation and Corresponding Adaptation Strategies
3.2. Trait Variations along the Aridity Gradient (MI Decreased)
3.3. Trait Covariations and Adaptation Strategies Related to Climate and Soil Variables
3.4. Controls of Trait Covariations along the Aridity Gradient
4. Discussion
4.1. Importance and Significance of Studying Trait Covariations in Arid Areas
4.2. Mechanism of Trait Covariations along the Aridity Gradient
4.3. Challenges and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Trait | RDA1 | RDA2 | RDA3 | RDA4 | RDA5 | PC1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
log√LA | 2.04 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.07 |
log Nmass | −0.10 | 0.00 | 0.08 | −0.17 | 0.05 | −0.25 |
log Narea | −0.51 | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.04 | −0.50 |
log LMA | −0.41 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.01 | −0.25 |
log LDMC | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.10 | −0.06 | −0.18 | −0.03 |
Log Vcmax25 | −0.33 | 0.74 | 0.00 | −0.17 | −0.03 | −1.42 |
Log Jmax25 | −0.40 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.02 | −2.19 |
logit χ | 0.23 | 0.09 | −0.30 | −0.04 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
Eigenvalue | 0.47 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.68 |
Proportion explained (%) | 21.30 | 5.22 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 31.09 |
Cumulative proportion (%) | 21.30 | 26.52 | 27.01 | 27.45 | 27.64 | 58.74 |
Family | Species |
---|---|
Aceraceae | Artemisia gmelinii, Artemisia capillaries, Artemisia mongolica, Lespedeza davurica, Artemisia giraldii, Heteropappus altaicus, Cirsium setosum, Echinops sphaerocephalus, Artemisia desertorum, Artemisia frigida, Artemisia sieversiana, Scorzonera austriaca, Artemisia argyi, Lespedeza cuneata, Carpesium cernuum, Aster tataricus |
Gramineae | Phragmites australis, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Stipa grandis, Stipa bungeana, Cleistogenes caespitosa, Setaria viridis, Cleistogenes hancei, Cleistogenes chinensis, Leymus secalinus, Bromus inermis, Elymus dahuricus, Triarrhena sacchariflora |
Rosaceae | Potentilla tanacetifolia, Fragaria vesca, Crataegus cuneata, Armeniaca vulgaris, Pyrus betulaefolia, Prunus salicina, Rosa xanthina, Spiraea Salicifolia, Cotoneaster multiflorus, Amygdalus davidiana, Rubus parvifolius, Pyrus betulaefolia, Amygdalus triloba |
Leguminosae | Sophora davidii, Astragalus melilotoides, Thermopsis lanceolata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Sophora davidii, Oxytropis racemosa, Astragalus adsurgens, Caragana Korshinskii, Astragalus membranaceus, Lespedeza bicolor, Indigofera bungeana, |
Caprifoliaceae | Lonicera japonica, Viburnum schensianum, Lonicera maackii |
Elaeagnaceae | Hippophae rhamnoides, Elaeagnus umbellata, Elaeagnus pungens |
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Scheme | Site Name | Latitude (Degree) | Longitude (Degree) | Elevation (m) | Vegetation Types | No. of Species Samples | Moisture Index (MI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | Jiumen | 35.64 | 110.58 | 440.3 | grassland | 10 | 0.54 |
02 | Wangfeng | 35.72 | 110.44 | 721 | grassland | 12 | 0.61 |
03 | Qiaozigou | 35.81 | 110.27 | 1219.9 | forestland | 24 | 0.69 |
04 | Caijiachuan1 | 35.75 | 109.89 | 1603.2 | forestland | 26 | 0.82 |
05 | Caijiachuan2 | 35.82 | 109.91 | 1244.92 | forestland | 20 | 0.75 |
06 | Laohugou | 35.97 | 110.16 | 1061.32 | forestland | 21 | 0.69 |
07 | Zhonglousi | 36.21 | 109.92 | 1087.42 | forestland | 32 | 0.68 |
08 | Lushanmiao | 36.67 | 109.48 | 1220 | grassland | 14 | 0.63 |
09 | Houjiacun | 36.77 | 109.42 | 1200 | grassland | 11 | 0.62 |
10 | Jiugou1 | 36.8 | 109.36 | 1071 | grassland | 10 | 0.61 |
11 | Jiugou2 | 36.8 | 109.36 | 1067 | grassland | 8 | 0.61 |
12 | Caozhuang | 36.86 | 109.3 | 1154 | grassland | 10 | 0.61 |
13 | Liuping | 36.91 | 109.27 | 1204 | grassland | 7 | 0.61 |
14 | Caohe | 36.97 | 109.16 | 1311 | grassland | 15 | 0.6 |
15 | Fengcigeda | 37.09 | 109.05 | 1434 | grassland | 7 | 0.59 |
16 | Liandaowan | 37.19 | 108.97 | 1476 | grassland | 10 | 0.56 |
17 | Tianciwan | 37.32 | 108.91 | 1592 | grassland | 8 | 0.56 |
18 | Lugouqu | 37.44 | 108.91 | 1560 | grassland | 8 | 0.53 |
19 | Xiasandun | 37.5 | 108.87 | 1584 | grassland | 7 | 0.54 |
20 | Shuanghaize | 37.69 | 108.87 | 1347 | desert | 4 | 0.46 |
21 | Guojiazhuang | 37.94 | 108.88 | 1153 | desert | 4 | 0.4 |
22 | Batuwan | 37.99 | 108.74 | 1155 | desert | 3 | 0.38 |
Traits | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
log√LA | −1.97 a | 1.98 | 0.42 |
log Nmass | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.14 |
log Narea | 0.80 | −0.10 | 1.05 |
log LMA | 0.49 | −0.10 | 0.90 |
log LDMC | 0.14 | −0.12 | 0.36 |
log Vcmax25 | 1.30 | 0.98 | −0.00 |
log Jmax25 | 1.71 | 1.62 | −0.35 |
logit χ | −0.17 | 0.05 | −0.29 |
Eigenvalue | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.23 |
Proportion explained (%) | 41.13 | 32.61 | 10.58 |
Cumulative proportion (%) | 41.13 | 73.73 | 84.32 |
Traits | Climate (%) | Soil (%) | Family (%) |
---|---|---|---|
All traits | 20.41 | 18.23 | 38.57 |
log√LA | 45.05 | 42.50 | 54.79 |
log LDMC | 5.58 | 0.24 | 40.92 |
log LMA | 10.53 | 8.99 | 28.10 |
log Nmass | 3.92 | 3.73 | 53.63 |
log Narea | 12.98 | 10.38 | 41.44 |
log Vcmax25 | 9.40 | 3.93 | 31.27 |
log Jmax25 | 3.90 | 3.69 | 22.30 |
logit χ | 13.87 | 14.55 | 17.92 |
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Yang, Y.; Kang, L.; Zhao, J.; Qi, N.; Li, R.; Wen, Z.; Kassout, J.; Peng, C.; Lin, G.; Zheng, H. Quantifying Leaf Trait Covariations and Their Relationships with Plant Adaptation Strategies along an Aridity Gradient. Biology 2021, 10, 1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101066
Yang Y, Kang L, Zhao J, Qi N, Li R, Wen Z, Kassout J, Peng C, Lin G, Zheng H. Quantifying Leaf Trait Covariations and Their Relationships with Plant Adaptation Strategies along an Aridity Gradient. Biology. 2021; 10(10):1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101066
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yanzheng, Le Kang, Jun Zhao, Ning Qi, Ruonan Li, Zhongming Wen, Jalal Kassout, Changhui Peng, Guanghui Lin, and Hua Zheng. 2021. "Quantifying Leaf Trait Covariations and Their Relationships with Plant Adaptation Strategies along an Aridity Gradient" Biology 10, no. 10: 1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101066