Comparison of the Mineral and Nutraceutical Profiles of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Organic and Conventional Fields of Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Elemental Analysis
2.3. Nutraceutical Analysis
2.3.1. Soluble Proteins
2.3.2. Polyphenols
2.3.3. Flavonoids
2.3.4. Antioxidant Power
2.3.5. Starch
2.3.6. Soluble Sugars and Total Sweetness Index (TSI)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organic | Conventional | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
M | SE | M | SE | |
Major essential elements | ||||
K | 13627 | 663 | 13100 | 591 |
S | 9691 | 691 | 11008 | 378 |
P | 2970 | 171 | 2780 | 128 |
Mg | 905 | 16 | 972 | 34 |
Ca | 585 | 48 | 548 | 40 |
Minor and trace essential elements | ||||
Na | 68 | 6 | 97 | 18 |
Fe | 50 | 2 | 52 | 2 |
Zn | 24.4 | 2.9 | 23.5 | 2.4 |
Mn * | 7.5 | 0.3 | 11.6 | 0.5 |
Cu | 4.0 | 0.4 | 4.6 | 0.4 |
Ni | 3.4 | 0.9 | 3.9 | 0.5 |
V | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
Co * | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.051 | 0.004 |
Trace non-essential elements | ||||
Sr | 10.0 | 0.8 | 8.1 | 0.3 |
Ba | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.1 |
Rb * | 1.5 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.5 |
Pb | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.02 |
Cr | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.04 |
U | 0.070 | 0.003 | 0.074 | 0.003 |
Cd * | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.136 | 0.028 |
Sb * | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.005 |
As | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Tl | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Rare-earth elements | ||||
Ce | 0.033 | 0.004 | 0.026 | 0.002 |
La | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Nd | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Pr | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Sm | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Eu | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Gd | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Tb | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Dy | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Ho | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Er | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Tm | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Yb | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Lu | <0.001 | ----- | <0.001 | ----- |
Valdichiana | Spain | India | |
---|---|---|---|
Major essential elements | |||
P | 2270–015 | ------------ | 430–1184 |
K | 10635–17194 | 1466–5332 | 3100–4576 |
Mg | 834–1153 | 89–164 | 100–186 |
Ca | 321–833 | 302–817 | 125–630 |
Minor essential elements | |||
Fe | 41.4–57.9 | 2.0–9.2 | 11.0–12.1 |
Na | 15–203 | 436–671 | 67–90 |
Zn | 12.9–44.2 | 0.3–16.7 | 4.0–6.5 |
Cu | 2.4–6.6 | 0.5–2.2 | 1.0–9.6 |
Organic | Conventional | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
M | SE | M | SE | |
Fresh weight | 19.9 | 8.5 | 13.6 | 4.6 |
Water % | 61.4 | 0.1 | 61.1 | 0.1 |
Soluble proteins | 8.4 | 2.8 | 10.2 | 0.2 |
Polyphenols | 2.3 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.3 |
Flavonoids | 1.5 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 |
ARA% | 16.7 | 2.2 | 18.1 | 0.3 |
Starch | 3.9 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.1 |
Sucrose | 9.1 | 3.8 | 6.5 | 0.2 |
Glucose * | 5.9 | 0.2 | 8.1 | 0.3 |
Fructose | 13.3 | 0.2 | 15.3 | 0.1 |
TSI | 33.6 | 5.5 | 35.7 | 0.2 |
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Loppi, S.; Fedeli, R.; Canali, G.; Guarnieri, M.; Biagiotti, S.; Vannini, A. Comparison of the Mineral and Nutraceutical Profiles of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Organic and Conventional Fields of Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy. Biology 2021, 10, 1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101058
Loppi S, Fedeli R, Canali G, Guarnieri M, Biagiotti S, Vannini A. Comparison of the Mineral and Nutraceutical Profiles of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Organic and Conventional Fields of Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy. Biology. 2021; 10(10):1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101058
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoppi, Stefano, Riccardo Fedeli, Giulia Canali, Massimo Guarnieri, Stefano Biagiotti, and Andrea Vannini. 2021. "Comparison of the Mineral and Nutraceutical Profiles of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Organic and Conventional Fields of Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy" Biology 10, no. 10: 1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101058